ECO. 361 Online Discussion/Quiz–12-12-2022 (Understanding the meaning of Development)

The word ‘development’ is widely used to refer to a specified state of advancement or growth. It could also be used to describe a new and advanced idea or product; or an event that constitutes a new stage under changing circumstances.
Generally, the term development describes good change. But how do you tell which change is good?
In this regard, researchers explain three ways that the term ‘development’ is used:
Development as a vision:
Here, the term is used to describe how desirable a society or a region is, possibly with regard to what it can become
Development as a historical process:
This refers to social change that occurs over extended periods of time due to inevitable processes. For instance, it is widely believed that both communism and capitalism are an inevitable outcome of progress.
Development as action:
This refers to deliberate action to change things for the better, as with providing aid to alleviate hunger.

Importance of Development:
There are only 32 developed countries in the world, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The vast majority of people, 6.6 billion or 83% of the world’s population, live in a developing country.
Developing countries are defined as being poorer nations, often with economies based on agriculture, that seek to become more advanced economically and socially. But if most of the world is developing and so few countries are developed, why should countries strive for prosperity? What is to be gained by becoming developed, and why is it important for a nation?

It Lifts People Out of Poverty;
The first reason why development is important for a country is that it lifts people out of poverty.
689 million people around the world live in extreme poverty, defined as living on less than 1.90 USD a day. As countries develop, their economies grow and living standards rise. This reduces the rate of poverty and allows more people to provide for themselves and their families and to live in dignity. A life in poverty is hard. People living in poverty often lack education, access to quality healthcare, are discriminated against and lack access to decent housing. Millions of people around the world are in what’s known as the ‘poverty trap’ – unable to escape their circumstances. Development is vital for a country to break the cycle of poverty for its people and to lift large parts of the population out of destitution.
Global development is key to reducing poverty around the world. It is crucial for many countries that they develop or else large parts of their populations will continue to live in dire conditions.

Development Means Better Economic Opportunities;
A second reason why development is crucial for countries is because it improves the economic opportunities of people.
The more a country develops the more jobs are created. This gives more people access to quality, stable work and to be able to provide for themselves and their families. Better economic opportunities have been shown to reduce violence and crime, as well as reduce the likelihood of conflict. Better jobs are also related to improved quality of life for people.
As well as creating better jobs, development is important for a country because it improves business and trade. As countries develop more international companies move in and trade with other countries grows. This further improves the countries economy and also further increases the range of good jobs on offer.
Everybody wants to be able to meet their full potential. The increase in economic opportunities that development brings to a country shows how vital it can be.

It Increases Access To Quality Education;
Another reason why development is important for countries is because it improves the education system.
Countries that are more developed have better education systems. This is because education costs money and development increases the governments revenue. This means they have more resources to spend on education. The link between improved development and better education is a major reason why it’s vital for almost all countries.
Every child has the right to access quality education. Poorer countries often fail to meet the education needs of their young people. Increased development would improve the education systems of many poorer nations. A more educated population also improves the economic position of a country as people are able to move into more highly skilled jobs and create more innovative businesses.
As many countries develop their education systems will improve. This will in-turn fuel further prosperity. This is why development is so important.

Development Increases A Countries Global Standing;
A further reason why development is important for countries is because it increases their global influence.
Richer countries have more power in the world. They have greater influence on world affairs, have a larger presence in international diplomacy and build alliances with other countries easier. More developed countries are also interfered with less and better able to stand-up for their own interests.
Development is crucial for a nation because it increases it’s standing in the world. It means they are better able to build relationships with other influential countries. More developed countries are able to engage more with international organizations, such as the United Nations, African Union and ASEAN. They are also less dependent on outside assistance, such as international aid or financial bailouts.
Countries compete fiercely in the international arena. Development is important because it increases a countries international prestige.

It Creates A Better Quality of Life;
A final reason why development is important for a country is because it creates a better quality of life for people.
People in developed countries are more likely to live longer and happier lives. They are also generally more economically productive, hold better jobs, live in better quality housing and have access to better education and healthcare. All these factors contribute to a better standard of living for people in developed countries. This is one of the best reasons why development is important for a country.
As countries become more developed, they are better able to meet the needs of their citizens. They are less likely to be affected by crime, armed violence or political instability. They can weather economic downturns better and create more dynamic economies. Developed countries are also more likely to be democracies – allowing their citizens to participate in the political process and ensure inclusive political systems.
All countries strive for development – many do it to offer a better quality of life for their people. This is why development is vital for every country in the world.

Name: ODO LINDA AMARACHI
Reg no: 2019/24476
1. Dudley Seers, first Director of IDS, argued that “the focus on national income as a target for achieving poverty reduction avoided the real problems of development” and recommended “redefining how development was measured”. In this paper, he offered policy recommendations to incorporate more socially-relevant measures to better address development problems, focusing on education, population growth, and political independence. Seers argued “that there is no real ‘development’ when the benefits of technology and progress helped only a small number of people in the developed world, who are already relatively rich.” Furthermore, “if governments become more interested in social measurements then statistics offices would produce more appropriate information” Apparently, the Indian Government had already tried to incorporate such measures in its National House.
2. Economic growth is the most powerful instrument for reducing poverty and improving the quality of life in developing countries. Both cross-country research and country case studies provide overwhelming evidence that rapid and sustained growth is critical to making faster progress towards the Millennium Development Goals – and not just the first goal of halving the global proportion of people living on less than $1 a day.
Growth can generate virtuous circles of prosperity and opportunity. Strong growth and employment opportunities improve incentives for parents to invest in their children’s education by sending them to school. This may lead to the emergence of a strong and growing group of entrepreneurs, which should generate pressure for improved
governance. Strong economic growth therefore advances human development, which, in turn, promotes economic growth.
But under different conditions, similar rates of growth can have very different effects on
poverty, the employment prospects of the poor and broader indicators of human
development. The extent to which growth reduces poverty depends on the degree to
which the poor participate in the growth process and share in its proceeds. Thus, both
the pace and pattern of growth matter for reducing poverty.
A successful strategy of poverty reduction must have at its core measures to promote
rapid and sustained economic growth. The challenge for policy is to combine growth-
promoting policies with policies that allow the poor to participate fully in the opportunities unleashed and so contribute to that growth. This includes policies to make
labour markets work better, remove gender inequalities and increase financial inclusion

3. Yes
Development is the process of expanding human freedom. It is “the enhancement of freedoms that allow people to lead lives that they have reason to live”. Hence “development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systemic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or overactivity of repressive states”.

4. Women are the set of human beings that belongs to the female gender. They play the role of mothers, caretakers in family affairs, farmers, educators, entrepreneurs, teachers, e.t.c. It is historic that women play significant roles in societal development and ensure the stability, progress, and long-term development of nations. Women also play the role of decision-makers in homes. Globally, women contribute immensely to agricultural development, comprising about 43% of the world’s agricultural labor force. In some countries, the number of women involved in the agricultural labor force increases to over 70%. Available records indicate that in Africa alone, 80% of agricultural production comes from small farmers, most of whom are rural women. It is noteworthy that agriculture is the bedrock of national development as the best approach to food security, poverty reduction, job creation, and economic stability.
At home, women, notably mothers, play the role in decision-making about family meal planning and diet. Women also initiate and preserve the nutritional and healthcare programs of children at home. In addition, women are not only caring for their children at home but are also the primary caretakers of both children and elders in every country of the world. International studies indicate that women lead in finding solutions to the problems occasioned by a change of political and economic organizations in countries, thereby helping the family adjust to new realities and challenges. Indeed, women are the initiators who play important role in facilitating changes in family life. The UN Women Watch organization asserts that ” rural women play a key role in supporting their households and communities in achieving food and nutritional security, generating income, and improving rural livelihoods and overall wellbeing.
As educators, the role or contribution of women to society’s transition from pre-literate to the literate period is highly significant. Basic education is key to a nation’s ability to develop and achieve sustainable policies and programs. It is evident that education helps to improve agricultural productivity, enhances the status of girls and women, stabilizes population growth rates, enhances environmental protection and, increases the standard of living. It is the mother at home who most often urges children of both genders to attend and stay in school. The role of women is at the front end of the chain of improvement, leading to the family and the community’s long term capacity.
85. Functionings are “doings and beings”, that is, various states of human beings and activities that a person has achieved, such as being well-nourished, getting married, being educated, and travelling, while capabilities are the real, or substantive, opportunity that they have to achieve these doings and beings.

6.
* Sustenance:The life sustaining basic human needs include food, shelter, health and protection. When any one of these is absent or in critically short supply, a condition of absolute “underdevelopment” exists.
*Self-esteem: A second universal component of good life is self- esteem- a sense of worth and self-respect- of not being used as a tool by others for their own ends. Due to the significance attached to material values in developed nations, worthiness and esteem are now-a-days increasingly conferred only on countries that possess economic wealth and technological power- those that have developed
* Freedom from Servitude:Arthur Lewis stressed the relationship between economic growth and freedom from servitude when he concluded that “the advantage of economic growth is not that wealth increases happiness, but that it increases the range of human choice.” Wealth can enable a person to gain greater control over nature and his physical environment than they would have if they remained poor.
7. recent study by a senior fellow at the Wharton Business School contradicts previous research that found that money buys happiness only up to about $75,000 a year, after which day-to-day contentment ceases to increase. The new study says that money improves happiness no matter how much someone already has.
The original 2010 study, conducted by Princeton University researchers, found that people’s day-to-day happiness increases with income up to about $75,000 at which point it tops out. So according to this study, someone who makes $100,000 a year is not happier on a day-to-day level than someone making $75,000. The 2010 study said this is largely because people at this income point don’t have financial stresses such as whether they’ll have enough to pay rent each month. However, while the 2010 study found that day-to-day happiness eventually tops out, it also found that general life satisfaction does not and, indeed, continues growing alongside income.But Matthew Killingsworth, the senior fellow behind the most recent study, says that his experiments revealed that there was no dollar value at which money stopped mattering to an individual’s well-being. He came to this conclusion after collecting 1.7 million data points from more than 33,000 participants who provided in-the-moment snapshots of their feelings during daily life. He collected these snapshots via an app he created called Track Your Happiness: People recorded both evaluative and experienced well-being a few times each day, with check-in times randomized per participant. Evaluative well-being encompasses overall satisfaction with life, and experienced well-being indicates how people feel in the moment. Once he was done, he then calculated the average level of well-being for each person and analyzed its relationship to that person’s income.He found that all forms of well-being continued rising with income, not seeing any sort of inflection point where money stops mattering. Instead, it just keeps increasing. However, he does not think this means that people should focus only on money. His research also found that people who specifically equate money with happiness are generally less happy people. Further, people who earned more money worked longer hours and felt more pressed for time. The main takeaway he had from his data was that income is only a modest determinant of happiness.
8. Economic Growth is a narrower concept than economic development.It is an increase in a country’s real level of national output which can be caused by an increase in the quality of resources (by education etc.), increase in the quantity of resources & improvements in technology or in another way an increase in the value of goods and services produced by every sector of the economy. Economic Growth can be measured by an increase in a country’s GDP (gross domestic product).
Economic development is a normative concept i.e. it applies in the context of people’s sense of morality (right and wrong, good and bad). The definition of economic development given by Michael Todaro is an increase in living standards, improvement in self-esteem needs and freedom from oppression as well as a greater choice. The most accurate method of measuring development is the Human Development Index which takes into account the literacy rates & life expectancy which affect productivity and could lead to Economic Growth. It also leads to the creation of more opportunities in the sectors of education, healthcare, employment and the conservation of the environment.It implies an increase in the per capita income of every citizen.
Economic Growth does not take into account the size of the informal economy. The informal economy is also known as the black economy which is unrecorded economic activity. Development alleviates people from low standards of living into proper employment with suitable shelter. Economic Growth does not take into account the depletion of natural resources which might lead to pollution, congestion & disease. Development however is concerned with sustainability which means meeting the needs of the present without compromising future needs. These environmental effects are becoming more of a problem for Governments now that the pressure has increased on them due to Global warming. Economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient condition of economic development.
*Nigeria is in experiencing economic growth.
The Nigerian economy is expected to grow by 2.5 per cent in 2022, up from an estimated 2.4 per cent growth in 2021, the World Bank has said.12 Jan 2022

1. These mean that Professor Dudley Seers believes true development happened when poverty is reduced or eliminated, unemployment. Professor Dudley Seers suggests that development is when a
country experiences a reduction or elimination of
poverty, inequality and unemployment.

2. Growth transforms society
The positive link between growth and poverty reduction is clear. The impact of the distribution of income on this relationship – in particular, whether higher inequality lessens the reduction in poverty generated by growth – is less clear.

3. Development means freedom, according to Amartya Sen, perhaps the greatest development thinker of our times.Over the centuries, there have been very many theories of development. Amartya Sen, freedom is both the primary objective of development, and the principal means of development. The human being is an engine of change.

4. Women play the role of mothers, caretakers
in family affairs, farmers, educators,
entrepreneurs, teachers, e.t.c. It is historic
that women play significant roles in
societal development and ensure the
stability, progress, and long-term
development of nations. Women also
play the role of decision-makers in
homes.

5. Capabilities are the doings and beings that people can achieve if they so choose, their opportunity to do or be such things as being well-nourished, getting married, being educated, and travelling; functionings are capabilities that have been realized. Whether someone can convert a set of means – resources and public goods – into a functioning (i.e., whether she has a particular capability) crucially depends on certain personal, sociopolitical, and environmental conditions, which, in the capability literature, are called ‘conversion factors.

6. There are three core values of development:
(i) sustenance
(ii) self- esteem
(iii) freedom.
Sustenance: Sustenance is the ability to meet basic needs of people. All people have certain basic needs without which life would be impossible. These basic needs include food, shelter, health, and protection.
Self-esteem:is confidence in one’s own worth or abilities. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame.
Freedom:is the power to be able to choose

7.Princeton University researchers, found that people’s day-to-day happiness increases with income up to about $75,000 at which point it tops out. So according to this study, someone who makes $100,000 a year is not happier on a day-to-day level than someone making $75,000. The more money you earn the more happy you are..

8. Economic growth refers to an increase over time in a country`s real output of goods and services (GNP) or real output per capita income. Economic Development relates to growth of human capital indexes, a decrease in inequality figures, and structural changes that improve the general population’s quality of life. Economic growth means an increase in real national income / national output. Economic development means an improvement in the quality of life and living standards, e.g. measures of literacy, life-expectancy and health care.As a nation Nigeria currently has made some progress in socio-economic terms in recent years, its human capital development ranked 150 of 157 countries in the World Bank’s 2020 Human Capital Index. The country continues to face massive developmental challenges, including the need to reduce the dependency on oil and diversify the economy, address insufficient infrastructure, build strong and effective institutions, as well as address governance issues and public financial management systems.

A Continuation Of My Previous Assignment;

1. The study analyses the Dudley Seer’s theory of
development on the Nigeria economy. Before
the emergence of Seer’s theory, there was a
general believe amongst economists that development occurred when a country has a sustained economic growth in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Many less developed countries including Nigeria experienced continues economic growth over the years but the such growth does not have a positive reflection in the lives of the people in terms of quality of life. Seer shifted away from such believes and propounded his theory of development with emphasis on poverty,inequality and unemployment. Thus, he used three indicators which are poverty, inequality and unemployment to cement his argument.That if these indicators are falling then that country is experiencing development but if not,they are not experiencing development. This study thus used these indicators to critically assess the Nigeria development situation. It was discovered that all, the three indicators were all increasing instead of decreasing as Seer propounded. The study recommends that the Nigeria government should provide loans to the rural areas for investment into the agricultural sector. Government should provide entrepreneurship program to the urban youth to tackle poverty. Also, taxing policy should be made to tax the poor more to provide infrastructures to the citizens. Investment in
child’s education and also invest in health. Before Dudley Seer propounded his theory of development, many economists believed that development is achieved when
a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
grows at 5% to 7% above and the increases are sustained over a long period of time.They believed that when such increases occurred, then that country has achieved development. To them, development was based mainly on material increase. Also, it was believed that economic development is achieved when there is a change in the structure of production and employment so that the share of agriculture in GDP and in employment declines, while that of manufacturing and services increases. These believe made development economists to focus more on industrialization at the expense of agriculture (Todaro & Smith,2006). Based on the believe, many developing countries in the 1960s and 1970sexperienced increased in their Gross Domestic Product but the general levels of living of the masses remained unchanged.That is, the increases in growth (GDP) do not have any direct effect on quality of life of the people.These made many economists to reconsider what development really is and hence glamour for direct attack on widespread of poverty, increasing inequality in income distribution and rising unemployment. To them development
should have a “human face”. That is, it
should be something that should be seen in the lives of the people. Amongst these economists seeking for a direct approach on development was Dudley Seer, a British Economist who specialized in development economics. He came up with a concept that replaced the growth fetishism with a social development. According to Seer (1969),development is about the level of poverty,unemployment and inequality in a nation.To him, if these three variables have declined over a period of time, then development has occurred for the nation concerned. But if one or two of these variables have been growing worse,especially if all three have, it would be strange to call the result “development,”even if per capita income has soared Seers (1969).

2.The share of poor people in the global population has declined during recent
decades. According to Chen and Ravallion (2004), one-third of the population of the world lived in poverty in 1981, whereas the share was 18 per cent
in 2001. The decline is largely due to rapid economic growth in population rich countries like China and India. There are, however, remarkable differences between countries and between regions in the developing world. Some
regions and countries, notably in East Asia, are rapidly catching up to industrialized countries. Others, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, are lagging far
behind and the share of poor people in the population has even increased in
some countries.
Industrial development has had an important role in the economic
growth of countries like China, the Republic of Korea (Korea), Taiwan
Province of China (Taiwan), and Indonesia. Along with accelerated growth,
poverty rates have declined in many countries. Some countries have managed
to achieve growth with equity, whereas in others inequality has remained
high. In this chapter, the growth stories of seven countries – China, India,
Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, Mexico and Brazil – are described and discussed.
The main emphasis is on describing their growth processes and strategies, the
role of industrial development, the contribution of a range of policies to
growth performance, and the impact of growth on poverty and income
inequality. The study begins with a short theoretical discussion of the impact
of industrial development on growth and the impact of growth on poverty
and income inequality and then proceeds to the country examples.
The current understanding of economic growth is largely based on the neoclassical growth model developed by Robert Solow (1956). In the Solow
model, capital accumulation is a major factor contributing to economic
growth. Productivity growth – measured as an increase in output per worker
– results from increases in the amount of capital per worker, or capital accumulation (e.g. Fagerberg 1994). Capital deepening will continue until the economy reaches its steady state – a point at which net investments grow at
the same rate as the labour force and the capital-labour ratio remains constant. The further the economy is below its steady state, the faster it should
grow (see e.g. Jones 1998). In the steady state, all per capita income growth
is due to exogenous technological change. The rate of technological process
is assumed to be constant and not impacted by economic incentives. Several
authors have found that capital and labour actually explain only a fraction of
output growth and that allowing for the quality of the labour force (human
capital) only partially reduces the unexplained growth – or Solow residual.
Endogenous growth theory, initiated by Romer (1986, 1990) and Lucas
(1988), focuses on explaining the Solow residual. Technological change
becomes endogenous to the model and is a result of the allocative choices of
economic agents (see Aghion and Howitt 1998, Veloso and Soto 2001).
Technological progress is driven by R&D activities which in turn are fuelled
by private firms’ aim to profit from inventions. Unlike other production
inputs, ideas and knowledge are non rivalrous (see Romer 1990). Moreover,
new knowledge can augment the productivity of existing knowledge, yielding increasing returns to scale. Because of this, the marginal productivity of
capital does not decline with increasing GDP per capita, and incomes need
not converge across countries.
Technological change and innovations are essential sources of structural
change. In Schumpeter’s view, innovations lead to “creative destruction”, a
process whereby sectors and firms associated with old technologies decline
and new sectors and firms emerge and grow (see Verspagen, 2000). More
productive and profitable sectors and firms displace less productive and less
profitable ones and aggregate productivity in the economy increases.
Technological change is thus at the very centre of modern economic growth.
Based on the observation that, beginning with the Industrial Revolution,
technological change took place mainly in the manufacturing sector, authors
like Kaldor (1970) and Cornwall (1977) have asserted that the expansion of
this sector is a driving force for economic growth (see Verspagen, 2000).
Moreover, Cornwall (1976, 1977) saw technological change in certain manufacturing sectors as a driving force for productivity growth in several other
sectors.1 Syrquin (1986) observes that, when overall growth accelerates, manufacturing typically leads the way and grows faster than other sectors. At low
income levels, the share of manufacturing in GDP is, however, low and its
immediate contribution to aggregate growth minor. When manufacturing
increases its output share – often as a response to changes in domestic
demand and in comparative advantage – faster sectoral growth noticeably
raises the aggregate growth rates of output and labour productivity.
In developed countries, research and development (R&D) activities are
the main driver of technological change. This is not, however, the only
mechanism of technological change. Firms and individual employees learn
by doing, increasing output and productivity even if technology or inputs remain unchanged (see e.g. Arrow 1962). As R&D activities in developing
countries are relatively limited and countries are far from the technological
frontier, international technology diffusion is essential for productivity
growth. International economic relations, especially international trade but
also foreign direct investment, are important channels of technology transfer
and increased productivity growth. However, technology diffusion can only
be efficient if the level of human resources is high enough, incentives for
technological improvement are strong, and institutions are relatively wellfunctioning.
One of the driving forces for structural change is the change in domestic and international demand. At relatively low income levels, individuals
spend a significant part of their income on food. As income rises, this share
tends to decline, whereas demand for manufactures rises. Similarly, as
income rises further, demand for manufactures increases at diminishing rates,
whereas demand for services rises rapidly. Changes in demand will also
change sectoral employment and output shares and impact the economy’s
labour productivity. Furthermore, trade has an impact on countries’ specialization patterns and on the rate of industrialization or structural change
within industries. Under an open trade regime, countries tend to specialize
in the production of commodities for which they have a comparative advantage and import commodities which are relatively expensive to produce
domestically. Trade openness is also likely to bring foreign investment into
the country. This is often vital, and especially so at early stages of development. It is also likely to increase productivity as domestic companies are facing external competition.
However, the composition of foreign trade matters as well as the open￾ness of trade (e.g. Amable, 2000; also, Rodrik in this volume). Moreover, specialization in itself does not necessarily lead to higher growth rates. This is
most evident in the case of developing countries dependent on exports of primary products. As real international prices of non-oil commodities have
trended downward over time and are subject to sizeable short-term fluctuations, specialization in primary production seldom promotes sustained economic growth.

3. Development means freedom, according to Amartya Sen, perhaps the greatest development thinker of our times.
Over the centuries, there have been very many theories of development. According to 1998 Nobel prize winner, Amartya Sen, freedom is both the primary objective of development, and the principal means of development. The human being is an engine of change.
Sen is both the first Indian and the first Asian to win the Nobel prize for economics. In winning the Nobel prize, Sen was praised by the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences “for his contributions to welfare economics” and for restoring “an ethical dimension” to the discussion of vital economic problems.
According to Sen, development is enhanced by democracy and the protection of human rights. Such rights, especially freedom of the press, speech, assembly, and so forth increase the likelihood of honest, clean, good government.
He claims that “no famine has ever taken place in the history of the world in a functioning democracy”. This is because democratic governments “have to win elections and face public criticism, and have strong incentive to undertake measures to avert famines and other catastrophes”.
Development is the process of expanding human freedom. It is “the enhancement of freedoms that allow people to lead lives that they have reason to live”. Hence “development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systemic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or overactivity of repressive states”.
Sen argues that there are five types of interrelated freedoms, namely, political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency and security. The state has a role in supporting freedoms by providing public education, health care, social safety nets, good macroeconomic policies, productivity and protecting the environment.
Freedom implies not just to do something, but the capabilities to make it happen. What people can achieve (their capabilities) is influenced by “economic opportunities, political liberties, social powers, and the enabling condition of good health, basic education, and the encouragement and cultivation of initiatives”. Sen calculates that if women in Asia and North Africa were given the same health care and attention, the world would have 100 million more women.
For Sen, “capability deprivation” is a better measure of poverty than low income. While higher GDP does produce improvements in most measures of the quality of life, but there are exceptions. Some places with low GDP/capita like Sri Lanka, China and the India state of Kerala have higher life expectancies and literacy rates than richer countries like Brazil, South Africa and Namibia. And Afro-Americans have a lower life expectancy than males in China and parts of India, although their average real income is far higher.
Some see freedom as a potential disturbance to political stability and development. They recommend repressive interventions of the state in stifling liberty, initiative and enterprise, and in crippling the working of the individual agency and cooperative action. Sen attacks Singapore’s Lee Kuan Yew and his theories of Asian values which are used to justify political repression. For Sen there is no such thing as Asian values in a continent with vastly disparate populations and traditions, and containing 60 per cent of the world’s population. And as Dani Rodrik said, the economic performance of authoritarian regimes is either very good or very bad – and usually very bad. Most democracies occupy the middle ground.
So how did the dynamic economies of East Asia develop so rapidly? Sen highlights “social opportunities” provided by government in the form of schooling, basic health care, basic land reform, and microcredit. These economies were riding on the success of the individual entering the market. While many of these economies were not democratic, some like Korea, Taiwan, Thailand became more democratic over time.
Sen has been instrumental in the thinking of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on human development, including the creation of the human development index (HDI) which is a composite index that measures the average achievement in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth; knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate and the combined gross enrolment ration for primary, secondary and tertiary schools; and a decent standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita in purchasing power parity US dollars. While the concept of human development is much broader than any single composite index can measure, the HDI offers a powerful alternative to income as a summary measure of human well-being.
Sen worked closely with the UNDP on its Human Development Report 2004, “Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World”. This report argues that an essential element of human development is cultural freedom, namely the freedom to choose one’s identity and to exercise that choice without facing discrimination or disadvantage.
Cultural freedoms should be embraced as basic human rights and as necessities for the development of the increasingly diverse societies of the 21st century. All people should have the right to maintain their ethnic, linguistic, and religious identities. The adoption of policies that recognize and protect these identities is the only sustainable approach to development in diverse societies. Economic globalization cannot succeed unless cultural freedoms are also respected and protected, and the xenophobic resistance to cultural diversity should be addressed and overcome.
Very few people would quibble with what Sen has to say. In fact, many observers find his views somewhat trite. But the real challenge is how to transform a state that does not accord freedom to its citizens into state that does so. Sen has very little advice for us here.
Moreover, freedom deficits still exist in so-called developed countries, and the situation may be moving backwards. Political freedoms are compromised by vested interest politics in the US, and oligarchic powers in Japan and much of Europe. Protectionism of large enterprises, especially in Europe and Japan, limit the economic freedom of small and medium size enterprises. Social opportunities are constrained in most countries as the rich have much better access than the poor to health and education services. Sen does us all a good service in raising the issue of cultural freedoms. The more these issues are discussed the better. But progress will require massive changes in attitudes.
More fundamentally, Sen does not address the issue of how individual freedoms should be nested into society, where we all have to forego some freedom in order to live together peacefully.

4. Throughout history, the central role of women in society has ensured the stability, progress and long-term development of nations. Globally, women comprise 43 percent of the world’s agricultural labor force – rising to 70 percent in some countries. For instance, across Africa, 80 percent of the agricultural production comes from small farmers, most of whom are rural women. It’s widely accepted that agriculture can be the engine of growth and poverty reduction in developing nations. Women, notably mothers, play the largest role in decision-making about family meal planning and diet. And, women self-report more often their initiative in preserving child health and nutrition.

The Role of Women as Educators;
The contribution of women to a society’s transition from pre-literate to literate likewise is undeniable. Basic education is key to a nation’s ability to develop and achieve sustainability targets. Research has shown that education can improve agricultural productivity, enhance the status of girls and women, reduce population growth rates, enhance environmental protection, and widely raise the standard of living.
It is the mother in the family who most often urges children of both genders to attend – and stay – in school. The role of women is at the front end of the chain of improvements leading to the family’s, the community’s long-term capacity.

The Role of Women in the Workforce;
Today, the median female share of the global workforce is 45.4 percent. Women’s formal and informal labor can transform a community from a relatively autonomous society to a participant in the national economy. Despite significant obstacles, women’s small businesses in rural developing communities not only can be an extended family’s lifeline, but can form a networked economic foundation for future generations. The role of women in the urban and rural workforce has expanded exponentially in recent decades. The theme for International Women’s Day 2019 “Think equal, build smart, innovate for change,” was chosen to identify innovative ways to advance gender equality and the empowerment of women, accelerating the 2030 Agenda, building momentum for the effective implementation of the new U.N. Sustainable Development Goals. Of course, women’s opportunities still lag behind those of men worldwide. But, the historic and current role of women is indisputable.

5. The capability approach is a theoretical framework that entails two normative claims: first, the claim that the freedom to achieve well-being is of primary moral importance and, second, that well-being should be understood in terms of people’s capabilities and functionings. Capabilities are the doings and beings that people can achieve if they so choose — their opportunity to do or be such things as being well-nourished, getting married, being educated, and travelling; functioning are capabilities that have been realized. Whether someone can convert a set of means – resources and public goods – into a functioning (i.e., whether she has a particular capability) crucially depends on certain personal, sociopolitical, and environmental conditions, which, in the capability literature, are called ‘conversion factors.’ Capabilities have also been referred to as real or substantive freedoms as they denote the freedoms that have been cleared of any potential obstacles, in contrast to mere formal rights and freedoms.
Within philosophy, the capability approach has been employed to the development of several conceptual and normative theories within, most prominently, development ethics, political philosophy, public health ethics, environmental ethics and climate justice, and philosophy of education. This proliferation of capability literature has led to questions concerning what kind of framework it is; how its core concepts should be defined; how it can be further specified for particular purposes; what is needed to develop the capability approach into an account of social justice; how it relates to non-Western philosophies; and how it can be and has been applied in practice.

6. According to Todaro, Development must, therefore, be conceived of as a multi-dimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes and national institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of inequality and the eradication of absolute poverty.
Development, in its essence, must represent the whole gamut of change by which an entire social system, tuned to the diverse basic needs and desires of individuals and social groups within that system, moves away from a condition of life widely perceived as unsatisfactory, toward a situation or condition of life as materially and spiritually “better”.
According to Prof. Goulet, at least three basic components as core values should serve as a conceptual basis and practical guidelines for understanding the “inner” meaning of development. These core values – sustenance, self-esteem, and freedom – represent common goals sought by all individuals and societies’? They relate to fundamental human needs that find their expression in almost all societies and cultures at all times.

Sustenance:
The life-sustaining basic human needs include food, shelter, health and protection. When any one of these is absent or in critically short supply, a condition of absolute “underdevelopment” exists.

Self-esteem:
A second universal component of good life is self- esteem- a sense of worth and self-respect- of not being used as a tool by others for their own ends. Due to the significance attached to material values in developed nations, worthiness and esteem are now-a-days increasingly conferred only on countries that possess economic wealth and technological power- those that have developed. Now-a-days the Third World seeks development in order to gain the esteem which is denied to societies living in a state of disgraceful “underdevelopment.” … Development is legitimized as a goal because it is an important, perhaps even an indispensable, way of gaining esteem.

Freedom from Servitude:
Arthur Lewis stressed the relationship between economic growth and freedom from servitude when he concluded that “the advantage of economic growth is not that wealth increases happiness, but that it increases the range of human choice.” Wealth can enable a person to gain greater control over nature and his physical environment than they would have if they remained poor.
It also gives them the freedom to choose greater leisure. The concept of human freedom should encompass various components of political freedom, freedom of expression, political participation and equality of opportunity. It is interesting to note that some of the most notable economic success stories of the 1970s and 1980s (Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Turkey and China among others) did not score highly on the 1991 Human Freedom Index compiled by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

7. Most of us have heard that money can’t buy happiness. But the way you view wealth and materialism may have a significant effect on how satisfied and happy you are with your life, according to a new study published in the journal Applied Research in Quality of Life.
“Money can be a tool to motivate you to achieve major milestones in your life, which can make you feel happier in the long run,” Jenny Jiao, study author and assistant professor of marketing at Binghamton University School of Management, said in a press release
After analyzing results from a survey of over 7,500 German adults for the study, researchers at the Binghamton University School of Management found that people’s feelings about materialism tend to be nuanced. Specifically, there’s a difference between “happiness materialism” and “success materialism,” the researchers found.
Buying into “happiness materialism” — the belief that wealth is an indicator of a happy life — tends to be problematic because it takes “much time, energy and money away from other life domains that make an important and positive contribution to present life satisfaction,” such as family, work and health, the study authors wrote.
However, researchers believe focusing on “success materialism” — the idea that wealth signifies success — enhances people’s “economic motivation,” or their drive to work and improve their standard of living. Thinking about success through that lens could make individuals more satisfied with their present lives and hopeful about the future.
This simple mindset shift could make a difference in the way people view success and their lives, but of course there are other variables at play. For example, while this study didn’t cover how income specifically affects life satisfaction, researchers agree that it also impacts people’s happiness. A 2010 study out of Princeton University found that there’s a correlation between happiness and wealth, to a point of about $75,000 per year. When people make more than $75,000 a year, their happiness doesn’t increase, but the lower their income is the worse they feel, the study found.
Jiao added in the press release that, above all, it’s important to keep in mind the things that bring you happiness that don’t come with a price tag. “These include family, friends, your health, continual learning and new experiences,” she said.

8. Economic Growth is a narrower concept than economic development.It is an increase in a country’s real level of national output which can be caused by an increase in the quality of resources (by education etc.), increase in the quantity of resources & improvements in technology or in another way an increase in the value of goods and services produced by every sector of the economy. Economic Growth can be measured by an increase in a country’s GDP (gross domestic product).
Economic development is a normative concept i.e. it applies in the context of people’s sense of morality (right and wrong, good and bad). The definition of economic development given by Michael Todaro is an increase in living standards, improvement in self-esteem needs and freedom from oppression as well as a greater choice. The most accurate method of measuring development is the Human Development Index which takes into account the literacy rates & life expectancy which affect productivity and could lead to Economic Growth. It also leads to the creation of more opportunities in the sectors of education, healthcare, employment and the conservation of the environment.It implies an increase in the per capita income of every citizen.
Economic Growth does not take into account the size of the informal economy. The informal economy is also known as the black economy which is unrecorded economic activity. Development alleviates people from low standards of living into proper employment with suitable shelter. Economic Growth does not take into account the depletion of natural resources which might lead to pollution, congestion & disease. Development however is concerned with sustainability which means meeting the needs of the present without compromising future needs. These environmental effects are becoming more of a problem for Governments now that the pressure has increased on them due to Global warming.
Economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient condition of economic development.
with this I can say that Nigeria is underdeveloped and the growth is very poor.

1. Professor Dudley Seers argues that development is about income i.e, development occurs with the reduction and elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within a growing economy.
The development is seen as involving the provision of basic needs of the people, which is the target population as a subject rather than an object. It lays more emphasis on human basic needs and the involvement of people and government leading to increase capacity to control and make decisions on issues and problems that affect the well-being of the people in the country.
What has been happening to poverty? What has been happening to unemployment? What has been happening to inequality? If all three of these have become less severe, then, there has been a period of development for the country . If one or two of these problems have been growing worse, especially if all three have,even if the Gross National Product( GNP) is high in the country, then the country is not yet in the period of development. To him therefore, development is “a measure of the degree of eradication of poverty, inequality and unemployment “.
2. Economic Development involves changes in composition of output, shift in the allocation of productive resources and elimination or reduction of poverty, inequalities and unemployment.
This is to say that ,for a country to be economically develop , there will be no poverty or reduction in poverty, inequality and unemployment as all these determine the standard living of the people in a developed country . An unemployed person lives in poverty and when the resources are not efficiently allocated,it result to inequality. Therefore, for a country to called “developed” then ,the composition of output have to change in a positive way, resources efficiently allocated, poverty , unemployment and inequality are to be eliminated or greatly reduce.
3. According to Amartya Sen: Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom , poverty as well as tyranny,poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repression states. I agree with Amartya Sen.
Freedom implies the capabilities to make something happen without restrictions and without hurting somebody else. What people can achieve (their capabilities) is influenced by “economic opportunities, political liberties, social powers, and the enabling condition of good health, basic education, and the encouragement and cultivation of initiatives” When there is no freedom of choice,then, there is no development .Providing a person with amenities and infrastructures can often be an excellent, cost-effective way to improve her well-being, but if the improvement goes away when we stop providing the amenities, we would not describe that as development.
4. Women play important roles in the national development. There are part of decision makers in the family. A woman helps her man in making decisions on what to buy and not to buy and also help in the business (if there is any) of the family. For a woman who is married to a farmer, she help the husband in the farming business,in this way,she also contribute to the economy. Women are also tearchers and entrepreneurs . As an entrepreneur,she create employment for unemployed persons and employment is one of the attributes of development.
6. Three core values of development
i. Sustenance:
The life-sustaining basic human needs include food, shelter, health and protection. When any one of these is absent or in critically short supply, a condition of absolute “underdevelopment” exists. Example; when one lack food, he/she becomes malnourished which is no longer a core value of development.
ii. Self-esteem:
A second universal component of good life is self- esteem. A sense of worth and self-respect ofnot being used as a tool by others for their own ends. Due to the significance attached to material values in developed nations, worthiness and esteem are now-a-days increasingly conferred only on countries that possess economic wealth and technological power.
These days, Third World countries seeks development in order to gain the esteem which is denied to societies living in a state of disgraceful “underdevelopment.”
Example; hate USA citizens have self-esteem in wherever they find themselves due to their high technical power and economic wealth compare to the citizens of Nigeria that have poor technical power and economic wealth.
iii. Freedom from Servitude:
The concept of human freedom should encompass various components of political freedom, freedom of expression, political participation and equality of opportunity which create wealth. Wealth can enable a person to gain greater control over nature and his physical environment than they would have if they remained poor. It also gives them the freedom to choose greater leisure .
7. In agreement with the argument of some scholars that happiness has a direct correlation with more income.
When an individual is getting more income,he/she becomes
i. More satisfied as he sees the gain of his works.
ii. Provide for his basic needs and for his loved ones.
iii. Self confident in wherever he finds himself.
When one can provide for what he want at the right time and for others, he becomes happy and out of depression compare to someone who no increase in income who becomes depressed for not being able to provide what he want at the right time.
8. Economic growth means an increase in the Gross National Product ( GNP) of a country. While, Economic development means an improvement in quality of life and standard of living of the people in the country.
Nigeria is not economically develop but in its economic growth. The quality of life and standard of living of Nigerians is at the ratio of 1:5 i.e for every 5 persons only 1 person standard of living is good, others are living in poverty. The Gross National Product (GNP) of Nigeria grows from $412.81B in 2020 to $444.04B in 2021, a 7.5% increase from 2020. A good improvement.

NAME: OMEBE SAMUEL OFORBUIKE
REG NO: 2019/246454
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS

Professor Dudley Seer in his view of Development argues that development can only occur when there is a reduction or total elimination of the following:
i) Poverty: This is the inability of a person to provide it basic need of life,such as food, shelter,clothes etc. Development curtails the poverty rate of a society suffering from it. In other words, in a developed Economy,there is the total absence or reduction of poverty. The average population are able to provide there daily necessity of life with ease.
ii) Inequality: There is total absence or reduction of disparity in the income and wealth of individuals in a developed Economy. The gap between the rich and the poor is maximally reduced or eliminated.
iii) Unemployment: Unemployment as a term is the inability of able bodied individuals who are willing to work can not get a well paid job. Unemployment only occurs in an Economy that’s not developed or not even going through any progress in attaining development. The presence of development curtails this in an economy. Adequate job opportunities are provided for the working population.
(2) Economic development does not only involve rise in output,it goes beyond rise in output.
Economic development also involves changes in the composition of outputs. This is a change in the production pattern. If an Economy which is agrarian changes to employing the use of machines or high technology to convert the agricultural products it produces to a more variety of edible output,it means there is a change in the composition of output,which also implies that there is development. An Economy that employs the capital intensive method of production for sure would use more of capital in the production process than than the use of labour as in the agrarian Economy. The practice of captital intensive method of production automatically shift the allocation of production resources which is also a determinant of economic development
Also,in an economy where there is the reduction or total elimination of unemployment (inability of people who are willing and able to work to get a paid job), Poverty (lacking the basic necessities of life,and not being able to provide them),and the situation in which there’s a growing gap between the rich and the poor,or the capital owners and the labour suppliers(inequality),there exist Economic development.
(3) I agree with the words of Amartya Sen that ‘Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom, poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive states’. This is because freedom is both the primary objective of development, and the principal means of development. The human being is an engine of change.
Development is the process of expanding human freedom. It is the enhancement of freedoms that allow people to lead lives that they have reason to live. Hence “development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systemic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive states”.
(4) Women are the set of human beings that belongs to the female gender. They play the role of mothers, caretakers in family affairs, farmers, educators, entrepreneurs, teachers, e.t.c. It is historic that women play significant roles in societal development and ensure the stability, progress, and long-term development of nations. Women also play the role of decision makers in homes. Globally, women contribute immensely to agricultural development, comprising about 43% of the world’s agricultural labor force. In some countries, the number of women involved in the agricultural labor force increases to over 70%. Available records indicate that in Africa alone, 80% of agricultural production comes from small farmers, most of whom are rural women. It is noteworthy that agriculture is the bedrock of national development as the best approach to food security, poverty reduction, job creation, and economic stability.

At home, women, notably mothers, play the role in decision-making about family meal planning and diet. Women also initiate and preserve the nutritional and healthcare programs of children at home. In addition, women are not only caring for their children at home but are also the primary caretakers of both children and elders in every country of the world. International studies indicate that women lead in finding solutions to the problems occasioned by a change of political and economic organizations in countries, thereby helping the family adjust to new realities and challenges. Indeed, women are the initiators who play important role in facilitating changes in family life. The UN Women Watch organization asserts that ” rural women play a key role in supporting their households and communities in achieving food and nutritional security, generating income, and improving rural livelihoods and overall wellbeing.
As educators, the role or contribution of women to society’s transition from pre-literate to the literate period is highly significant. Basic education is key to a nation’s ability to develop and achieve sustainable policies and programs. It is evident that education helps to improve agricultural productivity, enhances the status of girls and women, stabilizes population growth rates, enhances environmental protection and, increases the standard of living. It is the mother at home who most often urges children of both genders to attend and stay in school. The role of women is at the front end of the chain of improvement, leading to the family and the community’s long term capacity.
The role of women in providing an improved and sustainable workforce is also significant and exciting. The women’s share of the global workforce is about 45.5%. Women’s formal and informal labor can transform a community from a relatively autonomous society to a participant in the national economy. It is obvious that despite the cultural, social, and political setbacks of women, small businesses controlled by women in rural communities are not only extending beyond family lifelines but can also form a networked economic foundation for future generations. The role of women in the urban and rural workforce has expanded greatly in recent times.
The role of women as volunteers in local and international organizations for development has global collective recognition. The global Volunteers Community Development work in host countries worldwide strengthens women’s and children’s capacity and supports their sustained health and development. Under the development and direction of local leaders, women volunteers help ensure academic accessibility, foster parental involvement, offer psycho-social support, provide nutrition and health education, fund girls’ scholarships, construct schools and educate children and women through programmed extension works.
(5) some Important “Beings” and “Doings” in Capability to Function includes:
(i)Being able to live long: Being able to live long requires a lot of medical care,personal hygiene and having a good life style that will increase one’s chance of living long.
(ii)Being able to be well nourished: To be well nourished,there is need to eat good food, especially balanced diet.
(iii) Being able to be healthy: One can be healthy if he maintains good health precautions such as ensuring your surroundings is clean always, eating good food, having exercise frequently, going for check up etc.
(iv) Being able to be a literate: Becoming a literate demands lots of actions and activities such as reading books voraciously, attending seminars,going on tours to gain new experiences and knowledge, listening to educative clips etc
(v) being able to be well clothed: There is a saying that goes ‘ the way you are dressed is the way you are addressed’. Putting on the clothes that suites your circumstance is way of being well clothed. For example,a lecturer is expected to be cooperatively dressed to denote his level of professionalism.
(vi) Being able to be mobile: This is the ability to move from one place to another.
(vii) being able to take part in the life of the community: This involve taking part in the activities of the community. There is various activities in the community one can take part in,an example is politics.
(6) The three core values of development are:
(i) Sustenance
(ii) Self Esteem
(iii) Freedom from Servitude
(i) Sustenance: This is the ability to meet basic needs of life such as shelter,food,cloth,etc.
(ii) Self Esteem: This is what makes you a person. Having confidence in one self and anything that pertains to you is an example
(iii) Freedom from Servitude: This implies the ability to be able to have a choice or being able to choose. Example is being able to choose your choice of career and institution of learning.
(7) I agree with the scholars that believes that happiness has a direct correlation with more income. This is because,happiness triggers development. A person who is happy because he is earning more income will be productive,and this will increase Economic growth which then leads to Economic development. Even the Bible says that ‘money answereth all things’, this is an indication or a biblical prove of the power of money or income,as the case may be.
(8) Economic growth refers to increase in monetary or output growth of a Nation in a particular period while Economic development refers to the overall development of the quality of life in a Nation which includes economic growth.
Economic growth is a narrower concept than Economic development while Economic development is a broader concept than Economic growth
Economic growth is a uni-dimensional approach which deals with the increase in income or output while Economic development is a multi-dimensional approach that looks into the income and as well as the quality of life of the nation.
Economic growth is a short term process while Economic development is a long term process which leads to progressive change in the socio-economic structure of a country.
Economic growth is about income,GDP,GNP,GNI etc while Economic development is about outcomes(human development indicator, industrial development, improved standard of living etc)
Economic growth is a necessary but insufficient condition for Economic development while Economic development is a necessary condition and sufficient condition for improvement of human welfare, raising of living standards and reduction of poverty.

Emesih Amaramsinachi Catherine
2019/241318
Kyraemesih@gmail.Com

1.By Amartya Sen; “Development is enhancing the capability to lead to lead the kind of lives we have reason to value.” People’s capacity to think and reason makes development thrive. Development aims at investment in the people, making them productive and to function well and will in turn raise the standards of living and outcomes of a nation.

2.Development sees to invest in education, employment opportunities, provision of resources, access to health, more leisure time, education, freedom of social justice, increase in shares, technological and institutional advancement, progress in the socio-economic structure of a country, improving standard of living, improvement of human welfare and is a necessary condition for the reduction and elimination of poverty, inequality and employment within a growing economy.

3.I choose to agree that development leads to the improvement in the wellbeing of the population. It deals with the enhancing and improvement in all areas of human life not just income per capita as growth views. It involves enhancing the capabilities of the people in the nation. Since development does not majorly sort to increase the GDP of a nation at any means even if it means underemployment, exploitation of workers, low income and many more as growth base; development sorts in the improvement of the life quality and standards of the majority, investment and empowerment of the majority, raising their productivity output level.

4.Proper enlightenment of these women and provision or resources and funds will lead to a higher raite of self employment, personal investment which in turn provide better economically lly opportunities, employment opportunities, eliminate poverty and inequalities within a growing economy. Women also in taking part in the life of the community actively will positively impact the development of societies and the economy at large.

5.Being able to live long: When the economy, and working environment is a safe place to habit, the people tend to function properly and efficiently.
Being literate: Being up-to-date, reading, researching, seminars, conferences and being versatile with information and technological innovations increases the people’s capacity to think and reason, also helps to be productive and to function well.
Being healthy: proper diets and fruits, sleeping well, regular check up, avoiding self prescription and proper medications it will improve all areas of the human life of the people.

6.Sustenance: This is the ability to meet basic needs, support and provision of the necessities of life of the people will keep up, prolong and relief the unproductivity of workers.
Self-esteem: This is the ability to be a person and the economy at large are replenished by a wide expanse of innovations and ideas by a large majority of the population, improving the quality of life and a sustained increase in a country’s output.

Freedom of servitude: This is the ability be able to choose. The population in making decisions to lead the kind of lives they would value should be free to choose where they would freely work.

7.Money used in satisfying wants and needs when scarce affects the mental, emotional and psychological health of people as their basic needs are scarcely met. When there is more income, satisfaction of more and more needs and budgets, reduction of debts and loans and increase in the standards of living

8. Growth is about income; GDP, GNP, GNI, etc. while Development is about outcomes; Human Development Indicators, Industrial Development, Improved, standard of living.
Growth is a necessary but insufficient condition for economic development while Development is a necessary and sufficient condition for improvement of human welfare, raising the standards of living and reduction of poverty.
Growth is a short term process. while Development is a long term process which leads to progressive changes in the socio-economic structure of the economy

We can therefore say that Nigeria is a growing or developing country.

Answers:
1. The problem associated with these three economic downfalls has always been the restriction towards economic development in an economy.
First, reduction in poverty is the goal of any country, in other to boast market demand of commodity that variably increases a country GDP; when an economy drives stewards reducing poverty and increasing the standard of living; its populace tends to develop in terms of their income generation. In Nigeria, on average , a citizen earns less than a dollar and purchasing power of income tends to be less thereby reducing investment opportunities of the populace ; which also leads to poverty; Reducing unemployment and increasing the number of employments enabled for the labor force that is, those who are willing and able to work and are between the labor age bracket can get a joined work for tangible income/output as it will drive towards economic development in a growing economy. SAY, Nigeria’s 80% employable citizens have a job; income per capita in the economy will tend to increase; thereby leading to a rise in output.

2. Economic development describes all involvement that makes an economy to develop as well as when output increase in terms of poverty reduction (that is all the citizens of an economy/country are living above a dollar daily) Freedom (not employment) is the ultimate goal of economic development as well as most efficient means of realizing welfare, overcoming deprivation is central to development. Unfreedom includes hunger, famine, ignorance, an unsustainable economic life, unemployment, barriers to fulfilment by women by minority communities, premature death

3. Freedom (not employment) is the ultimate goal of economic development as well as most efficient means of realizing welfare, overcoming deprivation is central to development. Unfreedom includes hunger, famine, ignorance, an unsustainable economic life, unemployment, barriers to fulfilment by women by minority communities, premature deathw

4. The role of a woman in national development is very vital for economic development, women are known for keeping the home first, Women also play the role of decision-makers in homes women are not only caring for their children at home but are also the primary caretakers of both children and elders in every country of the world. It is very important for the nations development and ensure the stability, progress, and long-term development of nations.
In Nigeria today, girl child education is usually neglected, hence majority of women finds it hard to get basic education to live and sustain themselves, it is very important that education comes first for the training of a woman as she will also pass it to her offspring.

5. Being able to live long: if citizens of an economy tend to live longer, it will directly boast the productivity of the economy as there will be enough manpower needed for productive activities
Being well nourished: good nourishment (not food) is very vital for the development of an economy, if citizens has the right type of nourishment it will show in their economic development
Being well clothed: the productivity of citizens of an economy can also be affected by the clothing they have on at seasons of production. i.e. wearing of light and well covered cloth in summer than wearing of thick clothing can boast productivity
Being able to take part in the life of the community

6. Sustenance: when one has the ability to afford basic necessities. i.e. an employed salary earner who can afford his need with his income without borrowing aver a long period of time can directly affect how the economy develops.
Self-esteem: having trust in oneself can go a long way on how productivity will be attained. i.e. when one take risks and boast investment in businesses
Economic development can be reached easily.
Freedom from servitude: To be able to choose how you live in your productivity can go a long way in determining economic development
i.e. citizens that have freedom to work where their productivity is high.

7. Income can bring about happiness if what it can purchase is enough to brig happiness, an increase in the income of an economy will definitely propel happiness.

8.

Economic growth
This refers to increase in the monetary(income) growth of a nation in a particular period. It takes place when there is a sustained (ongoing for at least 1-2 years) increase in a country output of goods and services.
Economic development: It refers to the overall development of the quality of life in a nation which includes economic growth. It occurs when the standard of living of a large majority of the population rises, including both income and other dimensions like health and illiteracy.

Name: Edwin Chinedu Augustine
Reg no: 2019/249508
Department: Economics
Level: 300
Course code: Eco 361

Answers to assignment
1. A sketch of Professor Dubley Seers purposes of development
According to Seers (1979) the purpose of development is to reduce poverty, inequality, and unemployment. For Seers, development economics, in analysing the 75-80 per cent of the world in developing countries and the past experience of industrialized economies, is closer to principles of economics.
Seers (1969: 3-4) signalled the shift away from the goal of growth by asking the following questions about a country’s development:
i) What has been happening to poverty? ii) What has been happening to unemployment? iii) What has been happening to inequality? If all three of these have become less severe, then beyond doubt this has been a period of development for the country concerned. If one or two of these central problems have been growing worse, especially if all three have, it would be strange to call the result ‘development’ even if per capita income has soared.
A) Measuring Seers’ goals
Since 1969, economists have made little progress in measuring unemployment rates, at least in LDC (Least developed countries) with a majority agricultural labour force. Poverty and inequality data have improved substantially, with efforts.
However, presently we have crossnational figures on poverty and inequality but few by region or community within a nation, the figures Seers considered essential for policy. Identifying and reaching the poor to enable their geographical targeting requires detailed poverty mapping, with data on poverty assessment and ‘basic needs’ indicators at local levels.

Was Seers naive in setting goals that lacked policy-relevant measures in most LDCs? No. Today’s scarcity of subnational poverty information would not have surprised him. ‘Those who hold power rarely have much interest in such matters, still less in attention being drawn to them. It is preferable to shelter behind the ‘growth rates’ that are commended in the reports of international agencies’ (Seers 1983: 6). Seers blames LDC governments’ inadequate information on a lack of will rather than competence. LDCs have:
virtually no statistics anywhere on most of the aspects of life that really matter—the average distance people have to carry water and food; the numbers without shoes; the extent of overcrowding, the prevalence of violence; how many are unable to multiply one number by another, or summarize their own country’s history. Naturally, there are no official data anywhere on the number tortured or killed by the police, or how many are in prison for political reasons .Many of the more important social factors are inherently unquantifiable: how safe it is to criticize the government publicly, or the chance of an objective trial, or how corruption affects policy decisions. But to say that these factors cannot be quantified, and are embarrassing subjects for those in power does not mean that they are unimportant or can be overlooked [when assessing] a country’s development. (Seers 1983: 5-6)

B) Seers on dependent development
According to dependency theory, global changes in demand resulted in a new international division of labour in which the peripheral countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America specialized in primary products in an enclave controlled by foreigners while importing consumer goods that were the fruits of technical progress in the central countries of the West. The increased productivity and new consumption patterns in peripheral countries benefited a small ruling class and its allies (less than a tenth of the population), who co-operated with the DCs to achieve modernization (economic development among a modernizing minority). The result is ‘peripheral capitalism, a capitalism unable to generate innovations and dependent for transformation upon decisions from the outside.
LDCs are economic satellites of the highly developed regions of North America and West Europe in the international capitalist system. The African, Asian and Latin American countries least integrated into this system tend to be the most highly developed. For Frank, Japanese economic development after 1868 is the classic case illustrating his theory. Japan’s industrial growth remains unmatched—Japan, unlike most of the rest of Asia, was never a capitalist satellite. Seers generally agrees with Frank on Japan, but emphasizes its selective borrowing, its slow pace of Westernization, and ‘an elite that has remained firmly Japanese’ (Seers 1983: 72).
In his economic analysis, Seers, like the dependistas and unlike orthodox development economics of his day, included class, power, and imperialism by strong governments and economies against weak ones. Seers was an admirer of Raul Prebisch, who analysed the world economy in terms of a core of industrial countries and a weak periphery of exporters of primary products. Seers appointed him to the Institute of Development Studies’ governing board, a decision reinforced for Seers when the UK’s under-secretary for trade warned against Prebisch’s radicalism.
Moreover, Seers recognized the limits of an LDC’s room to manoeuvre by delinking from the world economy, given USA and Western retaliation and intervention in response to expropriation of foreign capital. For him, ‘many who embark on an autonomous strategy with naïve optimism not merely lose power in a military coup and see their policies reversed, but also forfeit their liberties … [or] even their lives’. Dependency theorists fail to recognize the constraints of too independent a policy and the importance of avoiding ‘the inflow of capital … replaced by an outflow’. His class analysis suggests that the ‘decline in levels of living of the professional and managerial classes’ and their possible revolt reflects what dependency entails. While dependent governments can take advantage of the internal divisions of the dominant power, they are limited by how inflation and the reduction of foreign exchange reserves can undermine support for populism.
C) Seers on development planning
Poverty of Development Economics (1985: 70-4) contends that LDC intellectuals, nationalist leaders, and politicians, in reacting to colonial capitalism, pushed for systematic state economic planning and intervention, especially in industry, to remove these deep-seated, capitalistic obstacles. Apparently Lal (1985: 103) views Seers as a proponent of dirigisme (statism). But Seers is sceptical of typical LDC state planning:
Today, ‘planning’ calls up memories of teams of economic graduates, who would doubtless otherwise have been unemployed, frenetically drawing up five-year plans, largely quantitative and wholly economic, to be published with a good deal of fanfare. This is often good public relations, but whether it has much impact on [policy is] a different matter. Rarely does such a team have any real authority. Typically, after a year or two, a plan is a dead letter: by then, the assumptions and projections are clearly out of date, and the planning office is happily buckling down to prepare the next one It is time to move to quite a different type of planning; longer term, less economistic, not entirely quantitative. (Seers 1983: 94-5)

For Seers, LDCs should emphasize development strategy, not planning for a large part of the economy (that is, the private sector) over which government has little control. Moreover, planning needs to be well integrated, with departments communicating with each other, and planners in contact with political leaders ‘on almost a day-to-day basis.

2) Apart from a rise in output what determines the change in composition of output? In some cases, we say that there is “consumer sovereignty.” meaning that consumers decide how to spend their incomes on the basis of their tastes and market prices. In other cases, decisions are made by political choices of legislatures. Consider the following examples: transportation, education, police, energy efficiency of appliances, health-care coverage, television advertising.
For each, describe whether the allocation is by consumer sovereignty or by political decision.

ii) Shift in the allocation of productive resources
What and How Much to Produce:
The first function of prices is to resolve the problem of what to produce and in what quantities. This involves allocation of scarce resources in relation to the composition of total output in the economy.
Wheat, cloth, roads, television, power, buildings, and so on. Once the nature of goods to be produced is decided, then their quantities are to be decided.
How many kilos of wheat, how many million metres of cloth, how many kilometers of roads, how many televisions, how many million kw of power, how many buildings, etc. Since the resources of the economy are scarce, the problem of the nature of goods and their quantities has to be decided on the basis of priorities or preferences of the society.
iii) The question many researchers and economists are asking is “inequality reduction and poverty eradication policies, which is appropriate economy?” The appropriate economic policy for economy is an inequality reduction policy, says Professor A.C. Pigou – a welfare economist. Professor Pigou posits that given the level of resources, income redistribution eradicates poverty and enhances the welfare of the citizens.
Inequality is the gap in social status, wealth, or opportunity between people or groups, which makes them produce different results. Inequality is in two perspectives; gender inequality and income/wealth inequality. Gender inequality means differences in the roles or activities considered appropriate for men and women.
Income/wealth inequality denotes a gap in the amount of money received/income held by men and women. Wealth is the net personal material possession, and income is the amount of money received, especially regularly, for work done or investments undertaken.
unemployment, the condition of one who is capable of working, actively seeking work, but unable to find any work. It is important to note that to be considered unemployed a person must be an active member of the labour force and in search of remunerative work. With the increase in job creation will give rise to employment and reduce poverty rate in a country.

3)
Yes,I totally agree that Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or overactivity of repressive states. Despite unprecedented increases in overall opulence, the
contemporary world denies elementary freedoms to vast numbers perhaps even the majority of people.
Sometimes the lack of substantive freedoms relates directly to economic poverty, which robs people of the
freedom to satisfy hunger or to achieve sufficient nutrition, or to obtain remedies for treatable illnesses, or
the opportunity to be adequately clothed, or sheltered, or to enjoy clean water or sanitary facilities. In
other cases, the unfreedom links closely to the lack of public facilities and social care, such as the absence
of epidemiological programs, or of organized arrangements for health care or educational facilities, or of effective institutions for the maintenance of local peace and order. In still other cases, the violation of
freedom results directly from a denial of political and civil liberties by authoritarian regimes and from
imposed restrictions on the freedom to participate in the social, political and economic life of the
community.
Poverty is characterized by lack of at least one freedom (Sen uses the term unfreedom for lack of freedom), including a de facto lack of political rights and choice, vulnerability to coercive relations, and exclusion from economic choices and protections.
Based on these ethical considerations, Sen argues that development cannot be reduced to simply increasing basic incomes, nor to rising average per capita incomes. Rather, it requires a package of overlapping mechanisms that progressively enable the exercise of a growing range of freedoms. A central idea of the book is that freedom is both the end and a means to development.

4)
Women constitute an indispensable force in the quest for national development of any nation. In the developed nations, women have been able to play this important role… Over time, a nation’s competitiveness depends significantly on whether and how it educates and utilizes its female talents. It is historic that women play significant roles in societal development and ensure the stability, progress, and long-term development of nations. Women also play the role of decision-makers in homes. Globally, women contribute immensely to agricultural development, comprising about 43% of the world’s agricultural labor force. In some countries, the number of women involved in the agricultural labor force increases to over 70%. Available records indicate that in Africa alone, 80% of agricultural production comes from small farmers, most of whom are rural women. It is noteworthy that agriculture is the bedrock of national development as the best approach to food security, poverty reduction, job creation, and economic stability.

At home, women, notably mothers, play the role in decision-making about family meal planning and diet. Women also initiate and preserve the nutritional and healthcare programs of children at home. In addition, women are not only caring for their children at home but are also the primary caretakers of both children and elders in every country of the world. International studies indicate that women lead in finding solutions to the problems occasioned by a change of political and economic organizations in countries, thereby helping the family adjust to new realities and challenges. Indeed, women are the initiators who play important role in facilitating changes in family life. The UN Women Watch organization asserts that ” rural women play a key role in supporting their households and communities in achieving food and nutritional security, generating income, and improving rural livelihoods and overall wellbeing.As educators, the role or contribution of women to society’s transition from pre-literate to the literate period is highly significant. Basic education is key to a nation’s ability to develop and achieve sustainable policies and programs. It is evident that education helps to improve agricultural productivity, enhances the status of girls and women, stabilizes population growth rates, enhances environmental protection and, increases the standard of living. It is the mother at home who most often urges children of both genders to attend and stay in school. The role of women is at the front end of the chain of improvement, leading to the family and the community’s long term capacity.

5)
Amartya Sen’s capability approach some important “Beings” and “Doings” in capability to function

i) Being able to live long:
Ability to live long above expectancy and aging in sound health and wealth.

ii) Being well-nourished:
Consumption of quality tangible goods with good nutrients helps with the growth of an individual and also increases the well being and physical/mental development.

iii) Being healthy:
There’s an adage “health is wealth” a human health is not only linked to the physical wellbeing only but as well as the mental and emotional health can be used in characterizing a healthy person.

iv) Being literate:
What is literacy?
The ability to read and write as well as make research and statistical analysis of such research. Being skilled and Educated.

v) Being well-clothed:
A good appearance speaks well of a person being dressed according to social standard gives a degree of acceptance by society or social event or occupation or institution a person is associated with.

vi) Being mobile:
If you are mobile, you can move or travel easily from place to place, for example because you do not have a physical disability or because you have your own transport. Here Amartya Sen’s used example a s a bike.

vii) Being able to take part in the life of the community:
Participating in social activities as well as community activities and indulgence to community growth and development.

6)
There are three core values of development: (i) sustenance, (ii) self- esteem, and (iii) freedom.

A) Sustenance:
Sustenance is the ability to meet basic needs of people. All people have certain basic needs without which life would be impossible. Example these basic needs include food, shelter, health, and protection. People should have access to these basic needs.

B) Self-Esteem:
Sense of worth and self-respect and feeling of not being marginalized
are extremely important for individual’s well being. All peoples and societies seek some
form of self-esteem (example these includes identity, dignity, respect, honor etc.). The nature and form of self-
esteem may vary from on culture to another and from time to time. Self-esteem may be
based on material values: higher income or wealth may be equated with higher
worthiness. One may consider individuals worthy based on their intellect or public
service.

C) Freedom from Servitude:
Human freedom, the ability to choose, is essential for the
well being of individuals. Freedom involves an expanded range of choices for societies:
economic and political. Examples It involves freedom from bondage, serfdom, and other
exploitative economic, social, and political relationships.
The new view about the development process suggests that one cannot capture the
process of development by just per-capita income. It cannot reflect the multidimensional
nature of development process. In recent years, a number of different types of
measures have been developed to better reflect the multidimensional nature of
development process.

7)

Happiness is one of the most important concepts in the mental health that has an impact on different aspects of young people. Many psychologists believe that there are at least three fundamental elements of happiness, including emotional, social and cognitive conceptions. Emotional component causing a positive emotional state while social component has led to widespread and positive social relationships with others. The cognitive component causes the individual to interpret everyday events with optimism

The term “well-being” frequently used in literature mean happiness. However, well being is commonly used in relation to physical factors and happiness used in relation to mental factors . Previous studies have shown several effects of happiness on human life, including improving physical and mental health, improving sleep quality, decreasing levels of stress hormones, better cardiovascular functioning, enhance compliance with life events, strengthening the immune system , improve the quality of life , and increased life satisfaction.

Factors affecting happiness
Family relationship, Financial condition, work satisfaction, Community and friends, health and health care services, Personal freedom, personal value,
Effectiveness for happiness
income, married status, education level, the job satisfaction, health promote education and increase knowledge are the main effective factors on human happiness.

8)
Difference Between Economic Growth and Development.

A) Economic Growth
Economic Growth is the positive change in the indicators of economy.

. Economic development is the quantitative and qualitative change in an economy.

B) Economic Growth refers to the increment in amount of goods and services produced by an economy. .

Economic development refers to the reduction and elimination of poverty, unemployment and inequality with the context of growing economy.

C) Economic growth means an increase in real national income / national output.

Economic development means an improvement in the quality of life and living standards, e.g. measures of literacy, life-expectancy and health care.

D) Economic growth refers to an increase over time in a country’s real output of goods and services (GNP) or real output per capita income.

Economic development includes process and policies by which a country improves the social, economic and political well-being of its people.

E) Economic growth focuses on production of goods and services.

Economic development focuses on distribution of resources.

F) Economic growth relates a gradual increase in one of the components of GDP; consumption, government spending, investment or net exports.

Economic development relates to growth of human capital indexes and decrease in inequality.

G) Economic growth is single dimensional in nature as it only focuses on income of the people.

Economic development is multi-dimensional in nature as it focuses on both income and improvement of living standards of the people.

H) Economic Growth is the precursor and prerequisite for economic development. It is the subset of economic development.

Economic development comes after economic growth. It is a positive impact of economic growth.

I) Indicators of economic growth are:
GDP
GNI
Per capita income.

Indicators of economic development are:
Human Development Index (HDI)
Human Poverty Index (HPI)
Gini Coefficient
Gender Development Index (GDI)
Balance of trade
Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI).

J) Economic growth is for short term/short period. It is measured in certain time frame/period. It is a continuous and long-term process.

Economic development does not have specific time period to measure.

K) Economic growth only looks at the quantitative aspect. It brings quantitative changes in the economy.
Economic development brings quantitative and qualitative change in the economy.

L) Economic growth is an automatic process that may or may not require intervention from the government.
Economic development requires intervention from the government as all the developmental policies are formed by the government.

M) Economic growth refers to increase in production.
Economic development refers to increase in productivity.

N) Economic growth is relatively narrow concept as compared to economic development.

Economic development is a broader concept than economic development.

O) Economic growth is concerned with increase in economy’s output.
Economic development is concerned with structural changes in the economy.
Economic development= Economic growth + standard of living

P) Economic growth is not concerned with happiness of public life.

Economic development is concerned with happiness of public life.

Q) Poverty and inequality may remain in economic growth.
Achieving economic development is linked with end of poverty and inequality.

R) Economic growth is more relevant metric for assessing progress in developed countries.

Economic development is more relevant to measure progress and quality of life in developing countries.

S) Economic growth is a material/physical concept.

Economic development is more abstract concept.

Eke Ejieke Kalu
2019/244150
economics

Answers:
1. Poverty,Problems of inequality,Problem of unemployment is the goal of any country, in other to boast market demand of commodity that variably increases a country GDP; when an economy drives stewards reducing poverty and increasing the standard of living; its populace tends to develop in terms of their income generation. In Nigeria, on average , a citizen earns less than a dollar and purchasing power of income tends to be less thereby reducing investment opportunities of the populace ; which also leads to poverty; hence for a country to move towards development it has to invest in its productivity of its citizens which means increase in per capita income ; thereby reducing the level of poverty.
Income generated in the economy should also be distributed equally among the citizens; as output rises, income generated should be distributed amongst the earners variably equally thereby eliminating inequality amongst income earners.

2. Economic development describes all involvement that makes an economy to develop as well as when output increase in terms of poverty reduction (that is all the citizens of an economy/country are living above a dollar daily),when these happen in relation to its sustainability, we say that the poverty level will tend to reduce and if output is equally distributed or there is elimination of inequality in terms of output, the economy will tend towards development.

3. Freedom (not employment) is the ultimate goal of economic development as well as most efficient means of realizing welfare, overcoming deprivation is central to development. Unfredom includes hunger, famine, ignorance, an unsustainable economic life, unemployment, barriers to fulfilment by women by minority communities, premature death.

4. The role of a woman in national development is very vital for economic development,
Women are known for keeping the home first, Women also play the role of decision-makers in homes women are not only caring for their children at home but are also the primary caretakers of both children and elders in every country of the world. It is very important for the nations development and ensure the stability, progress, and long-term development of nations.In Nigeria today, girl child education is usually neglected, hence majority of women finds it hard to get basic education to live and sustain themselves, it is very important that education comes first for the training of a woman as she will also pass it to her offspring.

5. Being able to live long: if citizens of an economy tend to live longer, it will directly boast the productivity of the economy as there will be enough manpower needed for productive activities
Being well nourished: good nourishment (not food) is very vital for the development of an economy, if citizens has the right type of nourishment it will show in their economic development
Being well clothed: the productivity of citizens of an economy can also be affected by the clothing they have on at seasons of production. i.e. wearing of light and well covered cloth in summer than wearing of thick clothing can boast productivity
Being able to take part in the life of the community.

6. Sustenance: when one has the ability to afford basic necessities. i.e. an employed salary earner who can afford his need with his income without borrowing aver a long period of time can directly affect how the economy develops.
Self-esteem: having trust in oneself can go a long way on how productivity will be attained. i.e. when one take risks and boast investment in businesses
Economic development can be reached easily.
Freedom from servitude: To be able to choose how you live in your productivity can go a long way in determining economic development
i.e. citizens that have freedom to work where their productivity is higher

7. Income generates happiness if it is steady enough to purchase necessities. If the income earned from output is good enough for purchase and good livelihood, it will bring happiness.

8.
Economic growth:This refers to increase in the monetary(income) growth of a nation in a particular period. It takes place when there is a sustained (ongoing for at least 1-2 years) increase in a country output of goods and services.
Economic Develo[pment:It refers to the overall development of the quality of life in a nation which includes economic growth. It occurs when the standard of living of a large majority of the population rises, including both income and other dimensions like health and illiteracy.

1. According to Dudley Seer (1969), development is about the level of poverty, unemployment and inequality in a nation. To him, if these three variables have declined over a period of time, then development has occurred for the nation concerned. But if one or two of these variables have been growing worse, especially if all three have, it would be strange to call the result “development,” even if per capita income has soared Seers (1969).
Nigeria as a country aimed to achieve the macroeconomic objectives of economic stability, low unemployment, low inflation and balanced of payment equilibrium; but the internal problems of insecurity, insurgency and banditry, terrorism, corruption, mismanagement and religion intolerances in Nigeria have hampered and slowed the country’s goals and objectives. Since 1960 that Nigeria gained independence, she seeks to achieve economic development which could translate to the well being of her people in terms of quality of life but the problems enumerated above have negated achieving these objectives. Nigeria has experienced economic growth over the years and yet no development in the context of Seer’s theory. For instance, our economic growth kept on increasing from -1.6% in 2016 to 0.8% in 2017, 1.9% in 2018 and has increase to 2.29% in 2019 which is the most increased growth since 2015 (CBN bulletin). It is sad to note that despite these growths, the citizens are still experiencing low standard of living and low quality of life. The levels of poverty, unemployment and inequality are increasing every day. For instance, Nigeria overtook India as the leading country with population of 86.9 million people living in extreme poverty according to the (World Poverty Clock Report, 2018). This constitutes 46.4% of the estimated 195.6 million total populations. Likewise, in 2019, the figure increased to 93.7 million while in the first quarter of 2020, the figure further increased to 95.9 million people living in extreme poverty. Both figures of 2019 and 2020 (first quarter) constitute 48% of the total population of Nigeria in the respective years. This study therefore seeks to employ the Dudley Seer’s theory of development by particularly using Seer’s key development indicators of poverty, unemployment, and inequality to measure Nigeria’s development situation, with a view of proffering solutions to the problem.

2. Economic development is a continuous process. Every economy implements economic programs and plans for economic growth and development. A temporary increase in national income due to some special reasons does not mean economic growth and development. Development is a term of the long run and not a temporary process.
These plans ensure better utilization of resources (whether it is human, material or financial resources) results in increasing demand and supply of goods and services which in turn increases national income.
Economic development results in increased per capita income which helps to increase the national income. If the income of a particular person is increasing then the national income of a country is automatically increasing.
Since the per capita income increases, the purchasing power of an individual increase which will result in the consumption of better quality of products and services. Thus, the standard of living of an individual is raised.
It helps to ensure better utilization of national resources with the help of economic growth and economy can exploit the natural resources, human resources, and the physical resources to the fullest potential.
Economic development is resulted in the high degree structural transformation from agriculture to manufacturing and finally the emergence of the service sector.
Agriculture which was the dominant occupation nowadays is replaced by services contributing to more than 50% of the national income.
Economic development has resulted in social and economic equality in status, opportunity, wealth, income, profits, and standard of living.

3. Development means freedom, according to Amartya Sen, perhaps the greatest development thinker of our times.
Over the centuries, there have been very many theories of development. According to 1998 Nobel prize winner, Amartya Sen, freedom is both the primary objective of development, and the principal means of development. The human being is an engine of change.
According to Sen, development is enhanced by democracy and the protection of human rights. Such rights, especially freedom of the press, speech, assembly, and so forth increase the likelihood of honest, clean, good government.
He claims that “no famine has ever taken place in the history of the world in a functioning democracy”. This is because democratic governments “have to win elections and face public criticism, and have strong incentive to undertake measures to avert famines and other catastrophes”.
Development is the process of expanding human freedom. It is “the enhancement of freedoms that allow people to lead lives that they have reason to live”. Hence “development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systemic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or overactivity of repressive states”.
Sen argues that there are five types of interrelated freedoms, namely, political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency and security. The state has a role in supporting freedoms by providing public education, health care, social safety nets, good macroeconomic policies, productivity and protecting the environment.
Freedom implies not just to do something, but the capabilities to make it happen. What people can achieve (their capabilities) is influenced by “economic opportunities, political liberties, social powers, and the enabling condition of good health, basic education, and the encouragement and cultivation of initiatives”. Sen calculates that if women in Asia and North Africa were given the same health care and attention, the world would have 100 million more women.
For Sen, “capability deprivation” is a better measure of poverty than low income. While higher GDP does produce improvements in most measures of the quality of life, but there are exceptions.
Sen has been instrumental in the thinking of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on human development, including the creation of the human development index (HDI) which is a composite index that measures the average achievement in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth; knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate and the combined gross enrolment ration for primary, secondary and tertiary schools; and a decent standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita in purchasing power parity US dollars. While the concept of human development is much broader than any single composite index can measure, the HDI offers a powerful alternative to income as a summary measure of human well-being.
Sen worked closely with the UNDP on its Human Development Report 2004, “Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World”. This report argues that an essential element of human development is cultural freedom, namely the freedom to choose one’s identity and to exercise that choice without facing discrimination or disadvantage.
Cultural freedoms should be embraced as basic human rights and as necessities for the development of the increasingly diverse societies of the 21st century. All people should have the right to maintain their ethnic, linguistic, and religious identities. The adoption of policies that recognize and protect these identities is the only sustainable approach to development in diverse societies. Economic globalization cannot succeed unless cultural freedoms are also respected and protected, and the xenophobic resistance to cultural diversity should be addressed and overcome.

4. Women are the set of human beings that belongs to the female gender. They play the role of mothers, caretakers in family affairs, farmers, educators, entrepreneurs, teachers, e.t.c. It is historic that women play significant roles in societal development and ensure the stability, progress, and long-term development of nations. Women also play the role of decision-makers in homes. Globally, women contribute immensely to agricultural development, comprising about 43% of the world’s agricultural labor force. In some countries, the number of women involved in the agricultural labor force increases to over 70%. Available records indicate that in Africa alone, 80% of agricultural production comes from small farmers, most of whom are rural women. It is noteworthy that agriculture is the bedrock of national development as the best approach to food security, poverty reduction, job creation, and economic stability.
At home, women, notably mothers, play the role in decision-making about family meal planning and diet. Women also initiate and preserve the nutritional and healthcare programs of children at home. In addition, women are not only caring for their children at home but are also the primary caretakers of both children and elders in every country of the world. International studies indicate that women lead in finding solutions to the problems occasioned by a change of political and economic organizations in countries, thereby helping the family adjust to new realities and challenges. Indeed, women are the initiators who play important role in facilitating changes in family life. The UN Women Watch organization asserts that ” rural women play a key role in supporting their households and communities in achieving food and nutritional security, generating income, and improving rural livelihoods and overall wellbeing.
As educators, the role or contribution of women to society’s transition from pre-literate to the literate period is highly significant. Basic
education is key to a nation’s ability to develop and achieve sustainable policies and programs. It is evident that education helps to improve agricultural productivity, enhances the status of girls and women, stabilizes population growth rates, enhances environmental protection and, increases the standard of living. It is the mother at home who most often urges children of both genders to attend and stay in school. The role of women is at the front end of the chain of improvement, leading to the family and the community’s long term capacity.
The role of women in providing an improved and sustainable workforce is also significant and exciting. The women’s share of the global workforce is about 45.5%. Women’s formal and informal labor can transform a community from a relatively autonomous society to a participant in the national economy. It is obvious that despite the cultural, social, and political setbacks of women, small businesses controlled by women in rural communities are not only extending beyond family lifelines but can also form a networked economic foundation for future generations. The role of women in the urban and rural workforce has expanded greatly in recent times.

5. The capability approach is a theoretical framework that entails two normative claims: first, the claim that the freedom to achieve well-being is of primary moral importance and, second, that well-being should be understood in terms of people’s capabilities and functionings. Capabilities are the doings and beings that people can achieve if they so choose — their opportunity to do or be such things as being well-nourished, getting married, being educated, and travelling; functionings are capabilities that have been realized. Whether someone can convert a set of means – resources and public goods – into a functioning (i.e., whether she has a particular capability) crucially depends on certain personal, sociopolitical, and environmental conditions, which, in the capability literature, are called ‘conversion factors.’ Capabilities have also been referred to as real or substantive freedoms as they denote the freedoms that have been cleared of any potential obstacles, in contrast to mere formal rights and freedoms.
Within philosophy, the capability approach has been employed to the development of several conceptual and normative theories within, most prominently, development ethics, political philosophy, public health ethics, environmental ethics and climate justice, and philosophy of education.

6. There are three core values of development: (i) sustenance, (ii) self-
esteem, and (iii) freedom.

Sustenance: Sustenance is the ability to meet basic needs of people. All people have
certain basic needs without which life would be impossible. These basic needs include
food, shelter, health, and protection. People should have access to these basic needs.

Self-Esteem: Sense of worth and self-respect and feeling of not being marginalized
are extremely important for individual’s well being. All peoples and societies seek some
form of self-esteem (identity, dignity, respect, honor etc.). The nature and form of self-
esteem may vary from on culture to another and from time to time. Self-esteem may be
based on material values: higher income or wealth may be equated with higher
worthiness. One may consider individuals worthy based on their intellect or public
service.

Freedom from Servitude: Human freedom, the ability to choose, is essential for the
well being of individuals. Freedom involves an expanded range of choices for societies:
economic and political. It involves freedom from bondage, serfdom, and other
exploitative economic, social, and political relationships.

7. A recent study by a senior fellow at the Wharton Business School contradicts previous research that found that money buys happiness only up to about $75,000 a year, after which day-to-day contentment ceases to increase. The new study says that money improves happiness no matter how much someone already has.
The original 2010 study, conducted by Princeton University researchers, found that people’s day-to-day happiness increases with income up to about $75,000 at which point it tops out. So according to this study, someone who makes $100,000 a year is not happier on a day-to-day level than someone making $75,000. The 2010 study said this is largely because people at this income point don’t have financial stresses such as whether they’ll have enough to pay rent each month. However, while the 2010 study found that day-to-day happiness eventually tops out, it also found that general life satisfaction does not and, indeed, continues growing alongside income.
But Matthew Killingsworth, the senior fellow behind the most recent study, says that his experiments revealed that there was no dollar value at which money stopped mattering to an individual’s well-being. He came to this conclusion after collecting 1.7 million data points from more than 33,000 participants who provided in-the-moment snapshots of their feelings during daily life. He collected these snapshots via an app he created called Track Your Happiness: People recorded both evaluative and experienced well-being a few times each day, with check-in times randomized per participant. Evaluative well-being encompasses overall satisfaction with life, and experienced well-being indicates how people feel in the moment. Once he was done, he then calculated the average level of well-being for each person and analyzed its relationship to that person’s income.
He found that all forms of well-being continued rising with income, not seeing any sort of inflection point where money stops mattering. Instead, it just keeps increasing.
However, he does not think this means that people should focus only on money. His research also found that people who specifically equate money with happiness are generally less happy people. Further, people who earned more money worked longer hours and felt more pressed for time. The main takeaway he had from his data was that income is only a modest determinant of happiness.

8. Economic Growth is a narrower concept than economic development.It is an increase in a country’s real level of national output which can be caused by an increase in the quality of resources, increase in the quantity of resources & improvements in technology or in another way an increase in the value of goods and services produced by every sector of the economy. Economic Growth can be measured by an increase in a country’s GDP (gross domestic product).
Economic development is an increase in living standards, improvement in self-esteem needs and freedom from oppression as well as a greater choice. The most accurate method of measuring development is the Human Development Index which takes into account the literacy rates & life expectancy which affect productivity and could lead to Economic Growth. It also leads to the creation of more opportunities in the sectors of education, healthcare, employment and the conservation of the environment.It implies an increase in the per capita income of every citizen.

Following the pandemic induced recession in 2020, Nigeria’s economic growth recovered but macroeconomic stability weakened. Amidst global commodity shocks, a depreciating currency, trade restrictions, and monetization of the deficit, inflation is surging and pushing millions of Nigerians into poverty. Since 2021, Nigeria is also unable to benefit from the surging global oil prices, as oil production has fallen to historic lows and petrol subsidy continues to consume a larger share of the gross oil revenues.
In 2018, 40% of Nigerians (83 million people) lived below the poverty line, while another 25% (53 million) were vulnerable. With Nigeria’s population growth continuing to outpace poverty reduction, the number of Nigerians living in extreme poverty is set to rise by 7.7 million between 2019 and 2024.
While the economy is projected to grow at an average of 3.2% in 2022-2024, the growth outlook is subject to downside risks including further declines in oil production and heightened insecurity. Meanwhile, continued scarcity of foreign exchange and tighter liquidity could affect the economic activity in the non-oil sector and undermine the overall macroeconomic stability. The uncertainty is also expected to be accompanied by high inflation and continued fiscal and debt pressures.

Development Challenges:
While Nigeria has made some progress in socio-economic terms in recent years, its human capital development ranked 150 of 157 countries in the World Bank’s 2020 Human Capital Index. The country continues to face massive developmental challenges, including the need to reduce the dependency on oil and diversify the economy, address insufficient infrastructure, build strong and effective institutions, as well as address governance issues and public financial management systems.
Inequality, in terms of income and opportunities, remains high and has adversely affected poverty reduction. The lack of job opportunities is at the core of the high poverty levels, regional inequality, and social and political unrest. High inflation has also taken a toll on household’s welfare and high prices in 2020-2022 are likely to have pushed an additional 8 million Nigerians into poverty.

Ebere Queen Nneka
2019/243649
Economics and political science

1. Prof Dudley seems argues development is about outcomes i.e development occurs with the reduction and elimination of poverty,inequality and unemployment within a growing economy.
Development involves improvements in human well-being. Inequality, poverty and unemployment are factors that impede on the growth of the economy.
Development is about outcomes; this process is extensive. By a large mobilisation of resources and raising the productivity, unemployment and poverty can be reduced and output levels raised.

2. Apart from a rise in output economic development involves changes in composition of output,shift in the allocation of productive resources and elimination or reduction of poverty inequality and unemployment.
Economic development is not possible without growth;economic growth. Economic growth is achieved when there there is little or low rate of poverty, inequality and employment, when there is an improved productive output level, and efficient allocation of productive resources.

3. In the words od Amartya sen “development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom, poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as a systematic social deprivation neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive states”.
I agree to the above assertion.
Development is a process of expanding the real freedom that people enjoy. It consists of the removal of various kinds of unfreedom that leave people with little choice and opportunity.
Freedom from servitude is one of the core values of development, a person should be able to make choices. Poverty, social deprivation and poor economic opportunities are some of the major sources of freedom when removed will help an economy in its journey of development.

4. The central role of women in the national development.
Societies must empower and invest in women to make the biggest impact on development.
Over the years it is visible that women rarely participate in issues of national development due to inequality and segregation. In my opinion, enlightenment/education of women should begin with the younger females, they should grow with the mindset that participation in national issues isn’t restricted to the male gender only. There should be equal participation in necessary areas of national development. Growing up with such mindset will increase the participation of women in national issues they won’t be shy or restricted from exhibiting their skills and knowledge.
A lot of women are highly skilled and intelligent but due to the feeling of inequality they shy away from national matters. Hence, women empowerment by the society will make an impact on development.

5. Some important “beings” and “doings” in capability to function.
i. Being healthy; in a good state of health and having more strength/energy in daily aspect of live. Being healthy makes one capable of living longer.
ii. Being literate; ability to read,write and speak to understand. Literacy lifts individuals out of poverty and it creates opportunity to develop skills that help them provide for themselves and families.
iii. Being well clothed; it shows you have self respect. Being well dressed is a beautiful form of confidence, happiness and politeness.
iv. Being well nourished; this leads to being healthy and makes you capable to function in daily aspect of live.
v. Being mobile; this is the absence of physical disabilities or absence of restrictions to movement. Being mobile makes one capable of moving or travelling from place to place. When someone is mobile the person is active, lively and energetic.

6. The three core values of development.
i. Sustenance: this is the ability to meet basic needs. Basic needs are the necessary resources for long-term physical well-being. Basic needs includes; food,water, clothing and shelter.
ii. Self-esteem: to be a person. Self-esteem is confidence in one’s own worth or abilities.
iii. Freedom from servitude: to be able to make choices. Freedom to choose from different options. E.g to be able to choose where to school and which course to study.

7. There is no perfect correlation between happiness and income. People could be poor but happy, rich but unhappy. Though financial condition is one of the factors affecting happiness, I agree with the fact that more income increases the level of happiness of a person, such person can afford basic needs and other wants and will feel satisfied and happy unlike a low income earner that doesn’t earn enough to meet his wants such person won’t derive satisfaction and hence feel unhappy.

8.
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Refers to increase in the monetary income or output growth of a nation in a particular period.
Refers to overall development of the quality of life in a nation which includes economic growth.

It is a uni-dimensional approach that deals with the increase in income or output if the nation.
It is a multidimensional approach which looks into the income as well as the quality of life of the nation.

Is a short term process
Is a long-term process

Is about income (GDP,GNP,GNI,etc)
Is about outcomes (human development indicators, improved standard of living,etc)

It’s a narrower concept than economic development.
It’s a broder concept than economic growth.

Currently, Nigeria’s economy is not growing. The economy in this current administration is in degradation. Nigeria is underdeveloped.

Name: Onwukwe Joseph Nwachukwu
Registration Number: 2019/243773
Department: Economics

1) Development is about outcomes i.e. development occurs with the reduction and elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within a growing economy. Inequality is caused by inefficient allocation of productive resources which are scarce. Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. Development however brings about an elimination of poverty and inequality as there is an adequate allocation of scarce productive resources which increases income by increasing output. Development eliminates unemployment as it increases the active workforce in the economy which creates employment opportunities.
2) The problem of inequality that development puts out to solve is by effectively allocating productive resources whereas they are scarce. Poverty can not be fully eliminated but however it can be curbed or reduced. Development seeks to do that. A change in the composition of output is the various ways productive resources are combined to bring out varied or related outputs.
3) Yes I do agree. The presence of tyranny, poor economic opportunities, systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities, already stated development is absent and to give room for development, these problems must be controlled so development can thrive.
4) It’s widely accepted that agriculture can be the engine of growth and poverty reduction in developing nations. Women, notably mothers, play the largest role in decision-making about family meal planning and diet. And, women self-report more often their initiative in preserving child health and nutrition. Women are the primary caretakers of children and elders in every country of the world. International studies demonstrate that when the economy and political organization of a society change, women take the lead in helping the family adjust to new realities and challenges. They are likely to be the prime initiator of outside assistance, and play an important role in facilitating (or hindering) changes in family life.
5) A person’s capability to live a good life is defined in terms of the set of valuable ‘beings and doings’ like being in good health or having loving relationships with others to which they have real access, maintaining a good health, getting married, getting employed, having basic necessities of life, getting an educational degree, and touring places, while capabilities are the real, or substantive, opportunity that they have to achieve these doings and beings.
6) Sustenance: The life-sustaining basic human needs include food, shelter, health and protection. When any one of these is absent or in critically short supply, a condition of absolute “underdevelopment” exists. Examples – water, food and shelter. Self-esteem: A second universal component of good life is self- esteem- a sense of worth and self-respect- of not being used as a tool by others for their own ends. Due to the significance attached to material values in developed nations, worthiness and esteem are now-a-days increasingly conferred only on countries that possess economic wealth and technological power- those that have developed. Freedom from Servitude: Wealth can enable a person to gain greater control over nature and his physical environment than they would have if they remained poor. It also gives them the freedom to choose greater leisure. The concept of human freedom should encompass various components of political freedom, freedom of expression, political participation and equality of opportunity.
7) Some scholars have argued that happiness has a direct correlation with more income while others disagree with the assertion. No, I do not agree that happiness has a direct correlation with more income because it’s an illusion that is only evident in the short run. One may say they are directly correlated because yes, one with more is happier than one without money but then money does not necessarily bring happiness. Even with more income, as their income increases to a point, satisfaction tends to be constant, not growing together with income any more.
8) Economic growth refers to an increase in the real output of goods and services in the country. Growth relates to a gradual increase in one of the components of Gross Domestic Product: consumption, government spending, investment, net exports. Economic Growth is measured by quantitative factors such as increase in real GDP or per capita income Economic growth brings quantitative changes in the economy. WHILE Economic Development implies changes in income, savings and investment along with progressive changes in socioeconomic structure of the country (institutional and technological changes). Development relates to growth of human capital, decrease in inequality figures, and structural changes that improve the quality of life of the population. Qualitative measures such as HDI (Human Development Index), gender- related index, infant mortality, literacy rate etc. are used to measure economic development. Economic Development brings about qualitative as well as quantitative changes in the economy. Economic development reflects progress in the quality of life in a country.
As a nation, we are currently still in economic development as we are still a developing economy and full employment, efficient allocation of resources and growth has not been obtained yet.

Name: Ikwuagwu Lucy Ogechi
Reg. number: 2019/245407

1. Development is about outcomes in the sense that it can be proven through research and it can be seen that poverty is reduced and eliminated and inequality and unemployment has been addressed and reduced. The change of composition and rise in output.
2. Development involves a change in composition of output by advancing the way their output is produced through rigorous tests and research. It involves a shift in the allocation of productive resources by using a particular resource for something else to bring about a change as well as a chance to test other options. It involves a reduction or elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment by increasing the standard of living of the citizens, using fiscal and monetary policy to reconstruct the economy thereby bringing growth which in turn development.
3. I agree because for development to occur all these things has to be removed or at least reduced to a great level because all these are part of the causes of lack of development.
4. Women have the knowledge and skills to bring about national development if given the chance and adequate training. They are capable of even being at the fore front but due to the bias surrounding the idea some women have lost their self esteem and are finding it hard to become who they truly can be.
5. Some important ‘beings’ and ‘doings’ in capacity to function are people should be able to live long and this can be done through good diet, proper exercise, proper medical care, etc. Being mobile: people should be able to move from place easily without hindrance and at a cheap and comfortable way. Being well clothed: clothes bought and worn should be quality clothes, that can last long and makes a good fashion statement.
6. Sustainance: the ability to meet basic needs such as buying food for the home and being able to eat three square meals daily, have a good well sustained roof over our heads.
Self esteem: being able to function properly in society irregardless of your shortcomings, having confidence to pick one’s self up after a defeat and keep moving.
Freedom of servitude: being able to choose what one wants to do or go irregardless of certain circumstances such as funds, for instance when picking a good university to attend, it’s no longer about the intelligence or the things one can give but more about the price of fees one has to pay that becomes a major factor to consider.
7. I agree to an extent that that money does bring happiness. Having money and a steady flow of it brings about a peace of mind knowing that to an extent you can solve some issues that come your way with ease and being able to live comfortably. It also give one other opportunities to expand oneself business wise and skill wise.
8. Economic growth refers to increase in monetary or output growth of a nation. It’s a uni dimensional approach which deals with the increase or output of the nation. It’s a short term process. It’s about income.
WHILE
Economic development refers to the overall development of the quality of life of a nation. It’s a broader concept than economic growth. It’s a multi dimensional approach that looks into the income as well as the quality of life of the nation. It’s a long term process. It’s about outcomes.
Nigeria is currently in economic growth at the present moment and might take a while before she enters economic development

Name: Nwakanma Jesse Uchechi
Registration Number: 2019/244384
Department: Economics

1) Development is about outcomes i.e. development occurs with the reduction and elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within a growing economy. Inequality is caused by inefficient allocation of productive resources which are scarce. Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. Development brings about the elimination of poverty and inequality as there is an effective and efficient allocation of productive resources which increases income. Development eliminates unemployment as it increases the size of the labor force in the economy which creates employment opportunities.
2) Development brings about an efficient allocation of productive resources whereas they are scarce which eliminates the problem of inequality. Poverty can not be fully eliminated but it can be reduced. Development comes out to do that. A change in the composition of output is the various ways productive resources are combined to bring out varied or related outputs.
3) Yes I do agree. Tyranny, poor economic opportunities, systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities, can not let development thrive. And to give room for development, these problems must be controlled so development can be present.
4) For want of a better expression, we use ―Economic Activities‖ to describe all the contributions of women in the productive, extractive, and service sectors of the society which lead ultimately to development. Development as used here approximates the lexical meaning of the word-to grow larger, fuller or more organized. For our purposes here, development is the bringing to fruition the procreation and socialization activities, thereby leading to the emergence of a whole man capable of functioning effectively in a vastly improved, well-ordered and humane society. It is the culmination of the procreation and socialization activities resulting in a better society. In a way a parallel can be drawn between the role of women in building and maintaining the organic equilibrium of the society, through their subtle, gentle, and sometimes, pervasive influence over their men and children, on the one hand, and the magnetic pull of the queen bee which organizes the bees and dictates their daily busy activities, on the other. Remove the queen bee, and the entire edifice or community of bees is irretrievably destroyed. In much the same way, remove the women and the entire human community is annihilated.
5) A person’s capability to live a good life is defined in terms of the set of valuable ‘beings and doings’ like being in good health or having loving relationships with others to which they have real access, maintaining a good health, getting married, getting employed, having basic necessities of life, getting an educational degree, and touring places, while capabilities are the real, or substantive, opportunity that they have to achieve these doings and beings.
6) Sustenance refers to the basic needs of a human being without which survival would not be possible. These needs include food, shelter, security and good health. Shortage of any of these necessities implies a situation of severe underdevelopment of the economy. Development, therefore, must lead to the reduction of these shortages and fulfill these basic needs of the population. The benefits of growth must be accompanied by a reduction in this absolute poverty situation. As a result, improvement in the quality of overall life in an economy is bound to occur.
Self-esteem: Every individual is entitled to a sense of self-worth or self-respect. Although the nature of self-esteem may change with society or the economy, the basic idea remains the same. All people have the right to a life of dignity and honor. Respect, however, is often attached to wealth and the underdevelopment of an economy can be a burden on people’s self-esteem. Hence to promote self-worth, development must be spread across the whole economy and not just certain sections within it.
Freedom: Freedom refers to not just freedom from servitude, but also from discrimination, oppressive beliefs and practices. Equal opportunity and freedom in every aspect of the social, legal, cultural and political situation are necessary for every individual. Everyone must be free to choose and have control over their own life and actions. Growth without freedom has been observed in many nations, which defeats the purpose of development.
7) Yes, I agree happiness does have a direct correlation with more income up to a point but not fully. I say, it has a direct correlation in the short run. The happiness of people living in poverty increases when they’re given a higher income. It eases their burdens and helps them escape from poverty. But once they experience freedom from the deprivation, the link between their increased income and happiness starts to dissipate. The correlation between income and happiness has revealed mixed findings: positive change in income can cause an increase in life satisfaction, but the effect is more evident in poorer nations.
8)Economic Growth is the positive change in the indicators of the economy. Economic Growth refers to the increment in the amount of goods and services produced by an economy. Economic growth means an increase in real national income / national output. It refers to an increase over time in a country’s real output of goods and services (GNP) or real output per capita income. WHILE Economic development is the quantitative and qualitative change in an economy. Economic development refers to the reduction and elimination of poverty, unemployment and inequality with the context of a growing economy. Economic development means an improvement in the quality of life and living standards, e.g. measures of literacy, life-expectancy and health care. Economic development includes the process and policies by which a country improves the social, economic and political well-being of its people.
As a nation, we are currently still in economic development as we are still a developing economy and full employment, efficient allocation of resources and growth has not been obtained yet.

Name: Orji Emeka Joseph
Registration Number: 2015/200587
Department: Economics

1) Inequality is caused by inefficient allocation of productive resources which are scarce. Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. Development brings about the elimination of poverty and inequality as there is an effective and efficient allocation of productive resources which increases income. Development eliminates unemployment as it increases the size of the labor force in the economy which creates employment opportunities.
2) Development brings about an efficient allocation of productive resources whereas they are scarce which eliminates the problem of inequality. Poverty can not be fully eliminated but it can be reduced. Development comes out to do that. A change in the composition of output is the various ways productive resources are combined to bring out varied or related outputs.
3) Yes I do agree. Tyranny, poor economic opportunities, systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities, can not let development thrive. And to give room for development, these problems must be controlled so development can be present.
4) For want of a better expression, we use ―Economic Activities to describe all the contributions of women in the productive, extractive, and service sectors of the society which lead ultimately to development. Development as used here approximates the lexical meaning of the word-to grow larger, fuller or more organized. For our purposes here, development is the bringing to fruition the procreation and socialization activities, thereby leading to the emergence of a whole man capable of functioning effectively in a vastly improved, well-ordered and humane society. It is the culmination of the procreation and socialization activities resulting in a better society. In a way a parallel can be drawn between the role of women in building and maintaining the organic equilibrium of the society, through their subtle, gentle, and sometimes, pervasive influence over their men and children, on the one hand, and the magnetic pull of the queen bee which organizes the bees and dictates their daily busy activities, on the other. Remove the queen bee, and the entire edifice or community of bees is irretrievably destroyed. In much the same way, remove the women and the entire human community is annihilated.
5) A person’s capability to live a good life is defined in terms of the set of valuable ‘beings and doings’ like being in good health or having loving relationships with others to which they have real access, getting married, getting employed, having basic necessities of life, getting educated, and traveling, while capabilities are the real, or substantive, opportunity that they have to achieve these doings and beings.
6) Sustenance: The life-sustaining basic human needs include food, shelter, health and protection. When any one of these is absent or in critically short supply, a condition of absolute “underdevelopment” exists.
Self-esteem: A second universal component of good life is self- esteem- a sense of worth and self-respect- of not being used as a tool by others for their own ends. Due to the significance attached to material values in developed nations, worthiness and esteem are now-a-days increasingly conferred only on countries that possess economic wealth and technological power- those that have developed.
Freedom: Freedom refers to not just freedom from servitude, but also from discrimination, oppressive beliefs and practices. Equal opportunity and freedom in every aspect of the social, legal, cultural and political situation are necessary for every individual. Everyone must be free to choose and have control over their own life and actions. Growth without freedom has been observed in many nations, which defeats the purpose of development.
7) Yes, I agree happiness does have a direct correlation with more income up to a point but not fully. I say, it has a direct correlation in the short run. The happiness of people living in poverty increases when they’re given a higher income. It eases their burdens and helps them escape from poverty. But once they experience freedom from the deprivation, the link between their increased income and happiness starts to dissipate. The correlation between income and happiness has revealed mixed findings: positive change in income can cause an increase in life satisfaction, but the effect is more evident in poorer nations.
8)Economic Growth is the positive change in the indicators of the economy. Economic Growth refers to the increment in the amount of goods and services produced by an economy. Economic growth means an increase in real national income / national output. It refers to an increase over time in a country’s real output of goods and services (GNP) or real output per capita income. WHILE Economic development also refers to:
provision of sufficient and effective physical and social infrastructures
equal access to resources
participation of all in economic activities
equitable distribution of dividends of the economy.
As a nation, we are currently still in economic development as we are still a developing economy and full employment, efficient allocation of resources and growth has not been obtained yet.

ECO361 – (DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS) ASSIGNMENT.
1. Professor Dudley Seers argues that development is about reduction in poverty, inequality and unemployment. He believed that before you can consider an economy as a growing economy some critical questions need to be asked; what is happening to poverty in an economy? what is happening to inequalities in an economy and what is happening to unemployment in an economy. According to him an economy might be growing even if there is existence of unemployment and poverty but the mobilization of large resources and raising their productivity output level. Apart from rise in output it involves changes in composition of output, shift in the allocation of productive resources and reduction in poverty, inequalities and unemployment.
2. According to him Economic development is not possible without growth but growth is possible without development. Economic growth refers to the continuous increase in the output of goods and services from one year to another in an economy. It deals with increase in GDP.
3. Amartya Sen see development as freedom, enhancing capabilities to lead the kin of lives we desired to live. He sees development the ability of human to live the kind of live they choice not what the environment put them in.
4. Investment in women contribute the biggest part of a Nation building process and development. Society must invest in women to contribute a major role in a nation development through family building, career path and building of self-confidence.
5. Being able to live long by taking to all possible medical advice, being able to stay well nourished by earning substantial income to be able to live on a balanced diet, being literate to be able contribute positively to your environment and being mobile.
6. SUSTANANCE: ability to be able to meet some basic needs like food, clothing and shelter. SELF-ESTEEM: ability to build confidence in one self and FREEDOM FROM SERVITUDE: ability to be able to choose the kind of life you want to live.
7. There is no correlation between happiness and income but income most times play a major role in one’s happiness. It is believed that one can earn high and still be unhappy due to some circumstances like family issue, source of income, health issues and other satisfactions. While on the other hand, income gives more happiness which means the higher you earn the higher possibility of being able to live the life you desire.
8. Economic growth refers to the increase in the monetary growth of a nation in a particular period while Economic development is the overall development of the quality of life in a nation which include economic growth. Economic growth is a unidimensional approach which deals with the increase output of a nation while Economic development is a multi-dimensional approach that looks into the income and as well as the quality of lives of a nation. Nigeria as a Nation is in the process of economic growth.

1. According to him, development at the social group level implies increasing capacity to regulate both internal and external relations, Rodney also acknowledges the central of role of the economic dimension of development. The justification is that the type of economic development that exists is in itself the index or the features of the society that exists. He defined economic development as an increase capacity for dealing with one’s environment which in turn depend on the extent of technological advancement (forces of production) and the extent of division of labour and also social relations of production of all these affects other aspects of society quantitatively and qualitatively.
Development is what every society or nation strives for, but while economic progress is an essential component of development, it is not the only one. This is because development is not purely and economic phenomenon. Ultimately, it must encompass more than the material and financial side of people’s lives. Development should therefore be perceived as a multi-dimensional process involving the re-organization and re-reorientation> of the entire economic social system. In addition, to improvement in incomes and output, it typically involves radical changes in institutional social, and administrative structures, as well as in popular attitudes, and some times even customs and beliefs.
Having discussed the various opinions and views relating to the concept of development, let us draw our understanding of the concept from these views.
Firstly, it means economic growth in term of increase in the production of goods and services. It also includes westernization and modernization particularly to the third world countries.

2. It is worthy of note that the link between economic growth and poverty can be altered in the presence of institutions. The role quality institutions play in economic growth and poverty cannot be overemphasized as it has continued to receive attention from academia and policymakers. Institutions can serve as substitutes or complements in affecting poverty when interacted with economic growth. This study examined the role of institutions in the nexus between economic growth and poverty reduction in Nigeria over the period 1984-2018, using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag cointegration technique. Two institutional quality variables were employed, namely; corruption control and political stability. Poverty was measured using per household consumption, while economic growth was proxied by per capita income. The study found that economic growth and institutions had positive effects on per household consumption in both the short and long run. This implied that as institutions and economic growth increased, per household consumption also increased, while poverty reduced. Furthermore, in the short run, the interactive effect of institutions and economic growth on per household consumption was negative, suggesting that the interaction of institutions and economic growth had a positive effect on poverty. This showed that institutions and economic growth played substitutive roles in poverty reduction in the short run. The interactive effect of institutions and economic growth in the long run was however positive on per household consumption, causing an increase in household consumption and a decrease in household poverty. This showed that institutions and economic growth played complementary roles in reducing poverty in Nigeria in the long run. The study concluded that strong institutions and sound economic growth are important in combating poverty.

3. “Development consists of the removal of various types of unfreedoms that leave people with little choice and little opportunity of exercising their reasoned agency” (Sen 1999:xii). Sen defines the major factors that limit freedom as ‘poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive states” (Sen 1999:1). He argues for the removal of these major factors. Sen focuses on crucial instrumental freedoms: economic opportunities, political freedoms, social facilities, transparency guarantees and protective security. These, he argues, need to be interconnected. Social facilities involve institutions such as the state and the market. Sen asserts societal arrangements should be investigated “in terms of their contribution to enhancing and guaranteeing the substantive freedoms of individuals, seen as active agents of change rather than as passive recipients of dispensed benefits” (Sen 1999:xii). Social facilities should aim to provide opportunities that increase the well-being of the population.

4. The role of women especially mothers, have been described as highly essential to nation building.

They have, therefore, been charged to fully utilise their innate talents, harness them while raising their children and contribute positively to the growth of their homes, communities and the society at large.

This charge was made at a Mother’s day special party organised by the Mind Builders School, Alausa, Ikeja, the Lagos State capital.

Speaking at the event, Education Director Mind Builders Nursery and Primary School, Mrs. Bolajoko Faluwe praised women for their dogged and fearless nature, saying, “Being a woman is not an accident; there is a purpose God created you as a woman.

The importance of women in our society and the home cannot be over emphasised.”

While describing the characteristics of being a fearless woman, Mrs. Faluwe noted that she must believe in herself, have a voice; she must show that her self-esteem is very high and live by it.

“She must be a woman of integrity and respect herself in all areas. She must have the pillars of character; be courageous, show some kindness, go beyond her comfort zone, encourage other women and create quality time with her children,” she said.

She also urged women especially working mothers to strike a balance and create time for their children.

Chairperson, Parents Teachers Forum (PTF), Keji Olutunji Oladimeji urged the mothers to get up, discover purpose and show each other love as no one will do so if they didn’t. “Women did not only come to this world to push and birth babies, but to also push and birth purpose as well because a lot is in us, that is how to be fearless.

“Women need to motivate themselves, else years will keep passing by without achieving results. Find a balance in between or else, you wake up and you are 60 and have not achieved anything, so you have to be determined.”

5. Amartya Sen’s idea of capability theory can’t be properly understood without first revisiting the concept of “development”. Unfortunately, long ago the agenda of ‘development’ was hijacked by economists. As a result, today when people talk of development they are merely talking of “economic development” which means expansion of the economy in terms of GDP growth. People are reduced to the status of merely goods and services producers, and also the end consumers. It is basically a production/consumption oriented model – produce more and consume more. People are supposed to be more “developed” if they consume more, and vice versa. Everything is seen in the context of consumption of goods and resources; it is an input driven ideology.

Human well-being has several dimensionsWhile economic expansion is useful as it adds to the material comfort people, the human well-being also depends upon non-material things – after all people are psychological, social and political beings. Therefore, the primary focus of development should be the “people” as human beings; not mere expansion of the economy. It means shifting from the narrow resource (input) driven “economic development” to a broader well-being (end-result) based “human development”. [Explore: Development beyond GDP]

Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach offers a comprehensive perspective of development where everything revolves around enhancing people’s well-being.

6. Three core values serve as standards of development.

Sustenance. This refers to the capacity to meet basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter. Lack of even one of these means that a person’s life is not progressive. A country develops if its citizens have enough or more than enough for their basic necessities, there is growth of income, extreme poverty is addressed, and there is equality among members of society.

Self-esteem. The quality of life is good when there is respect, trust, and self-value. Each person has needs which can be achieved through the presence of respect, dignity, and a good reputation in society. A person’s worth as an individual cannot simply be measured by the ownership of material things which is often given emphasis by progressive capitalist countries such as the United States. In the Philippines, material wealth is not the only important thing but the love for one’s family, the family’s reputation, and a person’s dignity and self-esteem. A country is developed if this unique need of the people is addressed.

Freedom from Servitude. This freedom is drawn from liberation from oppressive systems in society, poverty and abuse, slavery, ignorance, and the absence of the freedom to choose one’s culture or religion. This freedom can be seen in the range of choices in a society. What is good about development is not only the joy of being free from poverty but also the availability of a wide range of choices. In general, freedom prevails if people live a comfortable life, if they have the freedom to choose their religion, to vote and to express their opinion about administration and governance, and if they enjoy equal opportunities for education and employment.

7. Numerous studies agree that income inequality, rather than absolute income, is an important predictor of happiness. However, its specific role has been controversial. We argue that income inequality and happiness should exhibit an inverted U-shaped relationship due to the dynamic competing process between two effects: when income inequality is relatively low, the signal effect will be the dominating factor, in which individuals feel happy because they consider income inequality as a signal of social mobility and expect upward mobility; however, if income inequality level increases beyond a critical point, the jealousy effect will become the dominating factor, in which individuals tend to be unhappy because they are disillusioned about the prospect of upward mobility and jealous of their wealthier peers. This hypothesis is tested in a longitudinal dataset on the United States and a cross-national dataset on several European countries. In both datasets, the Gini coefficient (a common index of a society’s income inequality) and its quadratic term were significant predictors of personal happiness. Further examinations of the quadratic relationships showed that the signal effect was only presented in the European data, while the jealousy effect was presented in both datasets. These findings shed new light on our understanding of the relationship between income inequality and personal happiness.

8. Economic Growth
Economic growth refers to the quantitative increase in the economy. This means that if a country has an increase in any quantitative or anything that can be recorded in terms of numbers and scaling, it is referred to as economic development.

Economic Development
Economic development refers to the increase in qualitative terms. It not only deals with economic growth but also the qualitative aspect of the economy. Economic development is a broader concept since it includes economic growth as an aspect in it.

What is the Difference between Economic Growth and Economic Development?
When we speak about economic growth we refer to it as a narrow concept, because it only has the numerical aspect related to it. Whereas economic development is a broader and vast concept because it not only deals with the numerical concept but also the qualitative ones. It does not only deal with the specific amounts of certain things but also the quality of the production.

Economic growth is a unidirectional concept. It means that the concept is concerned with only one direction of the aspect whereas economic growth is multidimensional. It means that it does not consider just one factor. It has several branches and interests which need to be completed for economic development to be considered done.

Apart from this, economic growth is an automatic action. It means that it happens on its own. It does not need the involvement of economic development to increase. But for economic development to increase according to quality, economic growth is compulsory to occur. This happens because economic growth is a small yet significant role that it plays in economic development.

When anything is increased in production, it comes under economic development, but when the focus is highlighted on certain quantitative aspects like the standard of living, this is referred to as economic development.

Name: Udeze Kelechi Blessing
Reg No: 2019/241719
Dept: Education Economics
Email: blessingkelechi74@yahoo.com
Answers
1. According to Durley Seers theory of development. It was discovered that indicators of poverty, unemployment were all increasing instead of decreasing therefore he recommend that the government should provide loans to the rural areas for investment in the agricultural sector. Government should provide entrepreneurship programe to the urban youth to aviet poverty. Investment in child’s education and in health is very necessary to achieve development in terms of elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within a growing economy.
Durley Seers further highlighted the following key points to achieve the aims:
A Investment in health and wellbeing: their is a correlation between healthcare and development and economic growth. Most care indicator such as malaria, tuberculosis and intant mortality affect the productivity of a growing economy by affecting the life expectancy of the population.
B. Provision of loans: government should provide loans to the rural citizens to invest in agriculture in order to aviet poverty because majority of the country’s population resides in the rural areas. Also loans should be given to the youth in the urban areas to invest in business to generate income.
C. Policies to reduce inequality: on the issue of inequality, government should make policies that will drastically reduce the inequality raveging the country. Policy that will highly tax the rich and use the tax to provide infrastructure to the poor such as good school, water, health care, security, etc.
D. Policies to reduce unemployment: when a larger population of a country is employed it increases the aggregate consumption and investment, therefore the government should bring out policies that will engage the youth into entrepreneurship activities.
2. Economic Development is the creation of wealth from which community benefits are realized. It is more than a jobs program, it’s an investment in growing your economy and enhancing the prosperity and quality of life for all residents.
Development must be conceived of as a multidimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes and national institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of inequality and the eradication of poverty.

Economic diversification is a key element of economic development in which a country moves to a more diverse pro- duction and trade structure. A lack of economic diversification is often associated with increased vulnerability to external shocks that can undermine prospects for longer-term economic growth.
3. Development means freedom.
According to Amartya Sen, development is enhanced by democracy and the protection of human rights. Such rights, especially freedom of the press, speech, assembly, and so forth increase the likelihood of honest, clean, good government. He claims that “no famine has ever taken place in the history of the world in a functioning democracy”. This is because democratic governments “have to win elections and face public criticism, and have strong incentive to undertake measures to avert famines and other catastrophes”. Development is the process of expanding human freedom. It is “the enhancement of freedoms that allow people to live lives that they have reason to live”. Hence “development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systemic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or overactivity of repressive states”.
Amartya Sen argues that there are five types of interrelated freedoms, namely, political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency and security. The state has a role in supporting freedoms by providing public education, health care, social safety nets, good macroeconomic policies, productivity and protecting the environment. For Amartya Sen, “capability deprivation” is a better measure of poverty than low income. While higher GDP does produce improvements in most measures of the quality of life, but there are exceptions. Some places with low GDP/capita like Sri Lanka, China and the India state of Kerala have higher life expectancies and literacy rates than richer countries like Brazil, South Africa and Namibia. And Afro-Americans have a lower life expectancy than males in China and parts of India, although their average real income is far higher. Cultural freedoms should be embraced as basic human rights and as necessities for the development of the increasingly diverse societies of the 21st century. All people should have the right to maintain their ethnic, linguistic, and religious identities. The adoption of policies that recognize and protect these identities is the only sustainable approach to development in diverse societies. Economic globalization cannot succeed unless cultural freedoms are also respected and protected, and the xenophobic resistance to cultural diversity should be addressed and overcome.
4. Important of women in governance as a vital tool for achieving national development this is because women play a critical role in peace building and economic stability at home and in their societies. Women especially mothers plan, organise, direct and coordinate available resources and have good managerial abilities needed to develop all aspects of the economy which can promote national development. The fermentation process is carried out mostly by women. According to Kayode and Sunday(2013), Nigerian women are describes as crucial factors of production because they are largely responsible for the bulk crop production. Nigerian rural women are cricial factor in cassava farming, they assumed this status because they are largely responsible for bulk cassava production, processing, preservation and distribution from farm centers to urban areas, their potential transformative roles in agricultural growth are significant. In spite of these contribution that women make to the economic development of Nigeria, they have limited access to the socioeconomic resources needed for the production of cassava.
5.Question 5
1. Life. Being able to live to the end of a human life of normal length; not dying prematurely, or before one’s life is so reduced as to be not worth living.
2. Bodily Health. Being able to have good health, including reproductive health; to be adequately nourished; to have adequate shelter.
3. Bodily Integrity. Being able to move freely from place to place; to be secure against violent assault, including sexual assault and domestic violence; having opportunities for sexual satisfaction and for choice in matters of reproduction.
4. Senses, Imagination, and Thought. Being able to use the senses, to imagine, think, and reason and to do these things in a ‘‘truly human’’ way, a way informed and cultivated by an adequate education, including, but by no means limited to, literacy and basic mathematical and scientific training. Being able to use imagination and thought in connection with experiencing and producing works and events of one’s own choice, religious, literary, musical, and so forth. Being able to use one’s mind in ways protected by guarantees of freedom of expression with respect to both political and artistic speech, and freedom of religious exercise. Being able to have pleasurable experiences and to avoid non-beneficial pain.
5. Emotions. Being able to have attachments to things and people outside ourselves; to love those who love and care for us, to grieve at their absence; in general, to love, to grieve, to experience longing, gratitude, and justified anger. Not having one’s emotional development blighted by fear and anxiety. (Supporting this capability means supporting forms of human association that can be shown to be crucial in their development.)
6. Practical Reason. Being able to form a conception of the good and to engage in critical reflection about the planning of one’s life. (This entails protection for the liberty of conscience and religious observance.)
7. Affiliation.
A. Being able to live with and toward others, to recognize and show concern for other human beings, to engage in various forms of social interaction; to be able to imagine the situation of another. (Protecting this capability means protecting institutions that constitute and nourish such forms of affiliation, and also protecting the freedom of assembly and political speech.)
B. Having the social bases of self-respect and nonhumiliation; being able to be treated as a dignified being whose worth is equal to that of others. This entails provisions of nondiscrimination on the basis of race, sex, sexual orientation, ethnicity, caste, religion, national origin.
8. Other Species. Being able to live with concern for and in relation to animals, plants, and the world of nature.
9. Play. Being able to laugh, to play, to enjoy recreational activities.
10. Control Over One’s Environment.
A. Political. Being able to participate effectively in political choices that govern one’s life; having the right of political participation, protections of free speech and association.
B. Material. Being able to hold property (both land and movable goods), and having property rights on an equal basis with others; having the right to seek employment on an equal basis with others; having the freedom from unwarranted search and seizure. In work, being able to work as a human being, exercising practical reason, and entering into meaningful relationships of mutual recognition with other workers.
6. The three core values of development are :
1 Sustenance
2 Self esteem
3 Freedom from servitude
Substance: the life sustaining basic human needs include food, shelter, health and protection. When any one of these is absent or in critically short supply, a condition of absolute “underdevelopment” exist.
Self esteem: a second universal component of good life is self esteem a sense of worth and self respect of not being used as a tool by others for their own ends. Due to the significance attached to material values in developed nations, worthiness and esteem are now a days Increasing conferred only on countries that posses economic wealth and technological power. Those that have developed nowadays the third world seeks development in order to gain the esteem which is denied to societies living in a state of disgraceful underdevelopment. Development is legitimized as a goal because it is an important perhaps even an Indispensable way of gaining esteem.
Freedom from servitude: Arthur Lewis stressed the relationship between economic growth and freedom from servitude when he concluded that the advantage of economic growth is not that wealth increases happiness, but that it increases the range if human choice. Wealth can enable a person to gain greater control over nature and his physical environment than they would have if they remained poor. It also gives them the freedom to choose greater leisure. The concept of human freedom should encompass various components of political freedom, freedom of expression, political participation and equality of opportunity.
7. Most of us have heard that money can’t buy happiness. But the way we view wealth and materialism may have a significant effect on how satisfied and happy you are with your life. Money is a fundamental part of human life that is consistent throughout the world, and wealth is correlated to many positive outcome in life. It has been observed that typically, people with higher income have better physical and mental health, greater longevity and experience less stressful life events. The children of the well-to-do have lesser chances of dropping out of school or becoming pregnant as teens. Money can be a tool to motivate you to achieve major milestones in your life, which can make you feel happier in the long run, Specifically, there’s a difference between “happiness materialism” and “success materialism,” the researchers found. Buying into “happiness materialism” the belief that wealth is an indicator of a happy life tends to be problematic because it takes “much time, energy and money away from other life domains that make an important and positive contribution to present life satisfaction,” such as family, work and health. Thinking about success through that lens could make individuals more satisfied with their present lives and hopeful about the future. This simple mindset shift could make a difference in the way people view success and their lives, but of course there are other variables at play. there’s a correlation between happiness and wealth and the lower your income is the worse you feel.
8. Distinguish between economic growth and economic development
1. Economic growth refers to the increment in amount of goods and services produced by an economy While Economic development refers to the reduction and elimination of poverty, unemployment and inequality with the context of growing economy.
2. Economic growth is single dimensional which is concerned with increase in national and per Capita income. While Economic development is multi dimensional, it is concerned with both income and structural changes.
3. Economic growth is the positive change in the indicators of economy ( ie GDP, GNI, Per capital income) While Economic development is the quantitative and qualitative change in an economy.
4. Economic growth means an increase in real national income or national output While Economic development means am improvement in quality of life and living standard eg. measures of literacy, life expectancy and healthcare.
5. Economic growth focuses on production of goods and services While Economic development focuses on distribution of resources.
B. Tell us where we are currently as a nation in terms of growth and development?
Answer: Nigeria is in a challenging and deteriorating economic situation with lowered growth projections. The latest edition of the Nigerian development update (NDU) says that inflation in Nigeria, already one of the highest in the world before the war in Ukraine, is likely to increase further due to the rise in global fuel and food prices caused by the war. And that is likely to push an additional one million Nigerians into poverty by the end of 2023,on top of the 6 million Nigerians that were already predicted to fall into poverty this year due to the rise in prices, particularly food prices. The governor of the central bank of Nigeria stated in the 2022 CBN annual lecture held on 25th November 2022 that The official foreign exchange receipt from crude oil sales into our official reserves has dried up steadily from above US$3.0 billion monthly in 2014 to an absolute zero dollars today. To reduce its vulnerability to crisis and rise to its potential, Nigeria has to choose among markedly different paths. Policy reforms are available to help the country overcome the current challenges and set the foundations for rising to its potential. These reforms are needed in three key areas: restoring macroeconomic stability; boosting private sector development and competitiveness; and expanding social protection to protect the poor and most vulnerable.

Name: Chukwukaodinaka John Oluchukwu
Registration Number: 2019/245518
Department: Economics

1) Economic inequality is the unequal distribution of income and opportunity between different groups in society. Poverty refers to a lack of wealth or income such that individuals and households do not have the means to subsist or acquire the basic necessities for a flourishing life. Development, however, sought out to eliminate poverty and inequality as there is an effective and efficient allocation of productive resources present during development which increases income. Development does away with unemployment as it increases the size of the labor force in the economy which creates employment opportunities.
2) Development brings about an efficient allocation of productive resources whereas they are scarce which eliminates the problem of inequality. The increase in output and income caused by development reduces the poverty rate in the economy as poverty can not be fully eliminated. A change in the composition of output is the various ways productive resources are combined to bring out varied or related outputs.
3) Yes I do agree. Poor economic opportunities, tyranny, systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities, can not let development live freely in an economy. And to give room for development, these problems must be controlled so development can be present.
4)It is obvious that despite the cultural, social, and political setbacks of women, small businesses controlled by women in rural communities are not only extending beyond family lifelines but can also form a networked economic foundation for future generations. The role of women in the urban and rural workforce has expanded greatly in recent times. It is evident that education helps to improve agricultural productivity, enhances the status of girls and women, stabilizes population growth rates, enhances environmental protection and increases the standard of living. It is the mother at home who most often urges children of both genders to attend and stay in school. The role of women is at the front end of the chain of improvement, leading to the family and the community’s long term capacity.
5) A person’s capability to live a good life is defined in terms of the set of valuable ‘beings and doings’ like being in good health or having loving relationships with others to which they have real access, getting employed, having basic necessities of life, getting educated, while capabilities are the real, or substantive, opportunity that they have to achieve these doings and beings.
6) Sustenance: this means the ability to meet the basic necessities of life which is necessary to sustain an average human being. Such basic necessities are food, shelter, good health, protection, etc. Without these basic needs, living will be impossible. When any of these is absent or in short supply, absolute underdevelopment exists. Therefore, the basic function of any society is to provide a means of overcoming the helplessness and misery arising from lack of these basic needs. To this extent, we may say that economic development is a necessary condition for the improvement in the quality of life of the people.
Self-esteem: this means the sense of worth and self-respect of not being used as a tool by others for their own ends. All societies seek some basic form of self-esteem which may be called identity, dignity, respect, recognition, etc. It should be noted that the level of self-esteem varies from societies to societies and from cultures to cultures. However, with the proliferation of the modernizing values of developed nations, many developing countries suffer from serious cultural confusion when they come in contact with economically and technologically advanced societies.
Freedom: this means the ability to choose. Freedom here has to do with the sense of emancipation from undesirable conditions of life such as oppressive institutions, misery, dogmatic beliefs, etc.
7) No, I do not agree happiness has a direct correlation with more income up to a point but not fully. I say, it has a direct correlation in the short run. The happiness of people living in poverty increases when they’re given a higher income. The correlation between income and happiness has revealed mixed findings: positive change in income can cause an increase in life satisfaction, but the effect is more evident in poorer nations.
8)Economic Growth is the positive change in the real output of the country in a particular span of time. Economic growth can be expressed in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP), which helps in measuring the size of the economy. It lets us compare in absolute and percentage change, i.e. how much an economy has progressed since last year. It is an outcome of the increase in the quality and quantity of resources and advancement of technology. WHILE Economic Development is defined as the process of increase in volume of production along with the improvement in technology, a rise in the level of living, institutional changes, etc. In short, it is the progress in the socio-economic structure of the economy. Human Development Index (HDI) is the appropriate tool to gauge the development in the economy. Based on the development, the HDI statistics rank countries. It considers the overall development in an economy regarding the standard of living, GDP, living conditions, technological advancement, improvement in self-esteem needs, the creation of opportunities, per capita income, infrastructural and industrial development, and much more.
Nigeria as a nation is currently experiencing economic development and not growth.

1. development to mean ‘having a good paying and secured job upon which daily sustenance depends.’ Thus this individual had conceived development as the ability to have a paid employment and a rewarding job opportunity. This second viewpoint is not radically different from the first. To those individuals, development is all about economic freedom.

And from the perspective of a female respondent, development connotes peace and security. ‘Unity and harmony’, she continued, ‘is achieved in a situation where people live together in an atmosphere of benevolence, and that which is devoid of rancor and hostility.’ This response would perhaps lead us to gender analysis of development in another forum. That a conflict-free environment replete with mutual understanding and respect is construed by the rural woman as yardstick for measuring development is not surprising. Regardless of whether or not that individual has the wherewithal for economic sustenance, she is satisfied as long as there is peace and quietness. This also suggests that economic exploits per se, may not necessarily make an individual to be truly fulfilled if peace and harmony are not within reach!

This reminds me of a true life story recently recounted by a friend of mine about one seemingly wealthy husbandman who chose to live in a dilapidated hut in a pristine, remote village. On probing why the individual chose to live such a ‘rusty’ lifestyle, the response was so startling! The cattle businessman had answered thus: being able to live in this serene environment and smell cows’ dung are much more than acquiring property in any form! To that individual, closeness to Nature is largely the height of development. In another location, however, some community members unanimously reiterated: ‘development is when our community is provided with infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, potable water, tarred road, electricity, telecommunication systems and retail shops such as Choppies or Spar and the like’. To this group of individuals, provision of social amenities within their vicinity is tantamount to development. Transitioning from a primitive lifestyle to a modern one can only say one thing – development! But in another clime, some villagers retorted: ‘Development is difficult to understand; we do not know what it is all about!’ I consider that perspective to be sweeping. Perhaps the people in question chose to give a seemingly too extreme response because of their despair and disillusionment, which is a conundrum yet unresolved. Interrogating my research assistant who posed the question to them, I asked whether he further probed the enquiry. But unfortunately he did not. Perhaps a further probing of the subject would have unearthed useful information as to why the villagers chose to respond in the manner they did.

All that said, one can surmise that development is a complex subject, meaning different things to different people in time and space. This deduction can only suggest one thing: anyone willing to bring about improvement and progress in human wellbeing must be eclectic in how development problems are approached. While community people yearn for social change, basics such as education, infrastructural development (be they physical, social, and institutional), and socio-economic empowerment are fundamental to human development. It is in this light that I commend the government of Botswana in its effort to continue to train its talented young population as far as sending them abroad to receive quality education, which in turn is meant to appropriately capacitate Batswana population in the long run. This lofty effort needs to be sustained by all means possible to the extent that structural unemployment problem becomes a thing of the past. While the rural boy child needs to be devoted utmost attention, the girl child must particularly be availed quality education and training, for they are naturally the fabrics of the society. The social welfare schemes meant for old people are commendable, too, as Botswana seems to be doing better than many notable African countries. However, this effort could be better enhanced to reach all deserving individuals in very remote locations.

In sum, to create and sustain a healthy polity and socio-economic equilibrium, policy issues addressing the needs of young individuals who are naturally not inclined to formal education would need re- energizing through some rigorous entrepreneurship trainings, which ultimately can trigger a ripple effect on employment promotion, wealth creation and economic freedom at all levels. Once capacitated, the budding generation are naturally armed and able to become what they intend to be. And they in turn will bring about the brand of sustainable development for which the world currently yearns.

*Dr ‘Toyin Kolawole is Associate Professor of Rural Development at the Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana based in Maun.

2. inequalities and limits the ability of poorer populations to take advantage of potential growth opportunities. While Nigeria does not release data on education spending, education levels vary dramatically by region: nearly 90% of adults are literate in more affluent southern states but only 40% of adults are literate in the north.

Corruption may also contribute to the poor quality data on economic growth and poverty in Nigeria, as these data are widely prone to inflation since they affect fiscal transfers from the central government to each state. This data manipulation may lead to inaccurate observations regarding Nigeria’s growth and poverty levels.

3. Viewing development in terms of expanding substantive freedoms directs attention to the ends that make development important, and this premise if central to Mr. Sen’s Avant Garde thinking about development.

Viewing development though Mr. Sen’s eyes can help provide policy makers with a glimpse of how freedom and development interact and nourish one another to yield human flourishing. Taking Mr. Sen’s approach to development can help the reader dissect major sources of unfreedom and how these ills can be an impediment to development.

As Mr. Sen notes, development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or overactivity of repressive states.

It is timely noted in the text that despite unprecedented increases in overall opulence, the contemporary world denies elementary freedoms to vast numbers – perhaps even the majority ­of people.

Mr. Sen seems to be alluding to the fact that although economic development has yielded vast amounts of wealth, inequality and injustice is still commonplace in our world. As a result, policy makers must promote policies that will maximize human flourishing and minimize human suffering.

The lack of substantive freedoms relates directly to economic poverty, which robs people of the freedom to satisfy hunger, or to achieve sufficient nutrition, or to obtain remedies for treatable illness, or the opportunity to be adequately clothed or sheltered, or to enjoy clean water or sanitary facilities.

This is a crucial point since a lack of development is often correlated with a lack of democracy and freedom. Popular uprisings that demand more freedom often ignite because of economic poverty.

One of the most crucial components of this text is Mr. Sen’s definition of freedom. In his eyes, freedom is central to the process of development for two distinct reasons. The first one is the evaluation reason: which is the assessment of progress that must be done primarily in terms of whether the freedoms that people have are enhanced; and the second is the effectiveness reason: which refers to the achievement of development, which is thoroughly dependent on the free agency of people.

To conclude, Mr. Sen’s text provides us with a rubric of how to evaluate freedom, development, and quality of life. The text identifies crucial links between freedom and development, and it identifies how unfreedom leads to malnourished and unequal societies.
The brilliant and prescient insights provided in the text gives policy makers the tools to nourish societies and minimize harm. This text imagines a world free of tyranny, corruption and unfreedom ­– and it dreams of a world full of development that leads to equitable outcomes. Mr. Sen has a simple way of achieving this utopia.

4. The contribution of women to a society’s transition from pre-literate to literate likewise is undeniable. Basic education is key to a nation’s ability to develop and achieve sustainability targets. Research has shown that education can improve agricultural productivity, enhance the status of girls and women, reduce population growth rates, enhance environmental protection, and widely raise the standard of living.

It is the mother in the family who most often urges children of both genders to attend – and stay – in school. The role of women is at the front end of the chain of improvements leading to the family’s, the community’s long-term capacity.
The Role of Women in the Workforce
Today, the median female share of the global workforce is 45.4 percent. Women’s formal and informal labor can transform a community from a relatively autonomous society to a participant in the national economy. Despite significant obstacles, women’s small businesses in rural developing communities not only can be an extended family’s lifeline, but can form a networked economic foundation for future generations. The role of women in the urban and rural workforce has expanded exponentially in recent decades.

5. Two fundamental attributes of the capability approach are: (1) a broadening of the evaluation space from the instrumental means such as income to the intrinsic ends of beings and doings, or functionings; and (2) the further broadening of evaluation from achievement of ends to opportunity to achieve those ends — from functionings to capabilities. This chapter accepts the first broadening, but presents a critique of the opportunity perspective in capability theory, using as a platform a critique of recent work on inequality of opportunity. The chapter argues that similar critiques of concept and empirical application apply to capability analysis as an analysis and an evaluation of opportunity. Perhaps for this reason, much of the practical implementation of capability theory ends up by in fact focusing on outcomes in functionings space, with only a loose link to opportunity.

6. There are three main basic components or core values that serve as a conceptual basis and practical guidelines for understanding the inner meaning of development. These core values are;

These core values relate to the fundamental human needs and also represents common goals sort by all individuals and societies.

Sustenance this means the ability to meet the basic necessities of life which is necessary to sustain an average human being. Such basic necessities are food, shelter, good health, protection, etc. Without these basic needs, living will be impossible. When any of these is absent or in short supply, absolute underdevelopment exists. Therefore, the basic function of any society is to provide a means of overcoming the helplessness and misery arising from lack of these basic needs. To this extent, we may say that economic development is a necessary condition for the improvement in the quality of life of the people.

7. Most of us have heard that money can’t buy happiness. But the way you view wealth and materialism may have a significant effect on how satisfied and happy you are with your life, according to a new study published in the journal Applied Research in Quality of Life.

“[M]oney can be a tool to motivate you to achieve major milestones in your life, which can make you feel happier in the long run,” Jenny Jiao, study author and assistant professor of marketing at Binghamton University School of Management, said in a press release.

8. Growth is the main economic objective of many nations. Economic growth measures the increase in real GDP (actual output)—the total volume of goods and services produced in an economy. A nation that achieves economic growth will be able to better meet the needs of the people and solve socioeconomic problems such as poverty, thereby ensuring the economy’s well-being, improving living standards, increasing incomes, and providing jobs.

In addition, economic growth can protect the environment by creating parks and reserves and implementing key policies. The faster the growth, the faster the consumption and use of natural resources. The more waste we produce, the more prone we are to environmental degradation and depletion.

Understanding that economic growth is not synonymous with economic development is essential.

Meanwhile, economic development is advancing a country’s economic wealth aimed at citizens’ general welfare. General well-being can be achieved by improving the quality of life, as measured by life expectancy, literacy, gross domestic product (GDP), etc. While economic growth is measured in a more restricted context using only GDP. Let us understand this pointwise. Economic development without growth is almost inconceivable.

Name: Aniukwu Chisom Sylvia.
Reg .No : 2019/243386
Department : Economics
Course title : Development Economics 1
Course code: Eco 361
1.The development could be seen as involving the provision of basic needs of the people, which is the target population as a subject rather than an object. It lays more emphasis on human potentialities, creativity, energy and the involvement of people and government with individuals, and group of communities leading to increase capacity to control or make decisions on issues and problems that affect the less developed countries. As discussed by Dudley Seers, the purpose of development is to reduce poverty, inequality, and unemployment. To Seers, development involves reducing deprivation or broadening choice. It represents a multidimensional view of poverty that includes, hunger, illiteracy, illness and poor health, powerlessness, voicelessness, insecurity, humiliation and lack of access to basic needs and infrastructures. The focus on national income as a target for achieving poverty reduction avoided the real problems of development” and recommended “redefining how development was measured”. Professor Dudley offered policy recommendations to incorporate more socially relevant measures to better address development problems, focusing on education, population growth, and political independence. Seers argued “that there is no real ‘development’ when the benefits of technology and progress helped only a small number of people in the developed world, who are already relatively rich. ” Furthermore, “if governments become more interested in social measurements then statistics offices would produce more appropriate information”.
2.A developed economy is typically characteristic of a developed country with a relatively high level of economic growth and security. Standard criteria for evaluating a country’s level of development are income per capita or per capita gross domestic product, the level of industrialization, the general standard of living, and the amount of technological infrastructure. Countries with relatively high levels of economic growth and security are considered to have developed economies. Common criteria for evaluation include income per capita or per capita gross domestic product. If per capita gross domestic product is high but a country has poor infrastructure and income inequality, it would not be considered a developed economy.
3. Yes, I agree to Amartya sen’s view of development as freedom because development must be judged by its impact on people, not only by changes in their income but more generally in terms of their choices, capabilities and freedoms; and we should be concerned about the distribution of these improvements, not just the simple average for a society. Freedom as in the ability of individuals to meet their basic needs.
4. It is historic that women play significant roles in societal development and ensure the stability,
progress, and long-term development of nations. Globally, women contribute immensely to agricultural development, comprising about 43% of the world’s agricultural labor force. In some countries, the number of women involved in the agricultural labor force increases to over 70%. Available records indicate that in Africa alone, 80% of agricultural production comes from small farmers, most of whom are rural women. It is noteworthy that agriculture is the bedrock of national development as the best approach to food security, poverty reduction, job creation, and economic stability. International studies indicate that women lead in finding solutions to the problems occasioned by a change of political and economic organizations in countries, thereby helping the family adjust to new realities and challenges. Indeed, women are the initiators who play important role in facilitating changes in family life.
5. Some important “beings” and “doings” In the amartya sen capability approach to function recognizes the diversity of people’s ability to convert those resources and goods into real opportunities and achievements. They are also the real freedoms that people have to achieve their potential doings and beings. Real freedom in this sense, means that one has all the required means necessary to achieve that doing or being if one wishes to. Such capabilities include being able to live long, being well nourished, being healthy, being literate, being well clothed, being mobile, being able to take part in the life of the community.
6.Sustenance. This refers to the capacity to meet basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter. Lack of even one of these means that a person’s life is not progressive. A country develops if its citizens have enough or more than enough for their basic necessities, there is growth of income, extreme poverty is addressed, and there is equality among members of society.
Self-esteem. The quality of life is good when there is respect, trust, and self value. Each person has needs which can be achieved through the presence of respect, dignity, and a good reputation in society. A person’s worth as an individual cannot simply be measured by the ownership of material things which is often given emphasis by progressive capitalist countries such as the United States. In the Philippines, material wealth is not the only important thing but the love for one’s family, the family’s reputation, and a person’s dignity and self-esteem. A country is developed if this unique need of the people is addressed.
Freedom from Servitude. This freedom is drawn from liberation from oppressive systems in society, poverty and abuse, slavery, ignorance, and the absence of the freedom to choose one’s culture or religion. This freedom can be seen in the range of choices in a society. What is good about development is not only the joy of being free from poverty but also the availability of a wide range of choices. In general, freedom prevails if people live a comfortable life, if they have the freedom to choose their religion, to vote and to express their opinion about administration and governance, and if they enjoy equal opportunities for education and employment.
7.We can say that income and happiness has a direct correlation with happiness because
#it helps us solve our basic needs _ when one is able to Carter for his or her basic needs and other needs whenever they arise, naturally makes one happy.
#it also brings about good investment_ when after solving or providing Fr ones basic needs and individuals are still left with money at hand, they make investments which would bring them more money in future and helps the country’s GDP.
#it gives one a sense of self esteem/confidence as he can now provide for his basic needs without borrowing or asking for help from others
# it brings about respect.
# helping the poor(charity).
*when we disagree that disagree that happiness has no direct correlation with money.
#Being lost in acquiring wealth and not investing on making good friends can lead to depression.
#insecurity_ as he/she is either scared for his life or his money being stolen.
#The love of money is the root is the root of all evil_ when people try or want to get wealthy through all means whether legal or illegal, it could lead to them doing all sorts of unhealthy or illegal stuffs in order to get money which would in turn not make him/her happy.
8. Unlike economic development, Economic growth is an automatic process. Meanwhile, economic development is the outcome of planned and result oriented activities. Economic Growth refers to the rise in the value of all the products produced in the economy. It indicates the yearly increase in the country’s GDP or GNP, in percentage terms. It alludes to a considerable rise in the per capita national product, over a period, i.e. the growth rate of increase in total output should be greater than the population growth rate. Economic growth is necessary but not enough to achieve economic development. Both Economic Growth vs Economic Development have different indicators for their measurement. Economic Growth can be measured through an increase in the GDP, per capita income, etc. However, Economic Development can be measured through improvement in the life expectancy rate, infant mortality rate, literacy rate, and poverty rates. Economic Growth is the increase in the real output of the country in a particular span of time. Whereas, Economic Development is the increase in the level of production in an economy along with enrichment of living standards and the advancement of technology.
Economic growth does not consider the Income from the Informal Economy. The Informal economy is unrecorded economic activity. Whereas, Economic Development takes consideration of all activities, whether formal or informal, and eases people with low standards of living a suitable shelter and with proper employment.
* Following the pandemic induced recession in 2020, Nigeria’s economic growth recovered but macroeconomic stability weakened. Amidst global commodity shocks, a depreciating currency, trade restrictions, and monetization of the deficit, inflation is surging and pushing millions of Nigerians into poverty. Nigeria has made some progress in socio-economic terms in recent years, its human capital development ranked 150 of 157 countries in the World Bank’s 2020 Human Capital Index.
* The country continues to face massive developmental challenges, including the need to reduce the dependency on oil and diversify the economy, address insufficient infrastructure, build strong and effective institutions, as well as address governance issues and public financial management systems. Inequality, in terms of income and opportunities, remains high and has adversely affected poverty reduction. The lack of job opportunities is at the core of the high poverty levels, regional inequality, and social and political unrest. High inflation has also taken a toll on household’s welfare and high prices in 2020-2022 are likely to have pushed an additional 8 million Nigerians into poverty.

Developmental Economics 1( Eco 361)
2019/242805

1.According to Seer,for a nation to know they are really develop or not, they need to ask themselves three basic questions which are: What has been happening to poverty? What has been happening to unemployment?What has been happening to inequality? To Seer, if all three of these are declining, then beyond doubt,that nation is experiencing development. These mean that true development happened when poverty is reduced or eliminated, unemployment declining and the levels of inequality is reducing. Of course, reduction in these three development indicators will in no doubt increases the well been and quality of life of a nation’s citizen.

2.Economic development is said to be a shift in allocation of resources,reduction of poverty,inequalities and unemployment.Before a nation can be considered economically developed the rate of unemployment should reduces drastically,enough works should be provided for citizen which will help eradicate poverty and every citizen should be equal regardless of gender,financial status or race.

3.Amartya Sen view of development identifies crucial links between freedom and development and it identify how unfreedom leads to malnourished and unequal society.He imagine a world free of tyranny,corruption and unfreedom and a world full of development that leads to equitable outcomes.

4.The central role of women in society has ensure the stability,progress and long term development of nations.Society must invest and empower women,women plans vital role in the society as educators,politicians,medical personnel,global volunteers and caretakers in the family.

5.Capabilities are the doings and beings that people can achieve if they so choose their opportunity to do or be such things as being well-nourished, getting married, being educated,being well-clothed,being mobile and being health.

6.
I.Sustenance: Sustenance is the ability to meet basic needs of people. All people have certain basic needs without which life would be impossible. These basic needs include food, shelter, health, and protection. People should have access to these basic needs.

ii.Self-Esteem: Sense of worth and self-respect and feeling of not being marginalized are extremely important for individual’s well being. All peoples and societies seek some form of self-esteem (identity, dignity, respect, honor etc.). The nature and form of self- esteem may vary from on culture to another and from time to time. Self-esteem may be based on material values: higher income or wealth may be equated with higher worthiness. One may consider individuals worthy based on their intellect or public service.

iii.Freedom from Servitude: Human freedom, the ability to choose, is essential for the well being of individuals. Freedom involves an expanded range of choices for societies: economic and political. It involves freedom from bondage, serfdom, and other exploitative economic, social, and political relationships.

7.Happiness has no perfect correlation with per capita income,people can be poor and happy and also rich and unhappy.
Sone scholars has argue that happiness has a direct correlation to more income in the sense that when per capita income increases,people tends to be happy.

8.Economic Growth refers to the rise in the value of everything produced in the economy. It implies the yearly increase in the country’s GDP or GNP, in percentage terms. It alludes to a considerable rise in the per-capita national product, over a period, i.e. the growth rate of increase in total output, must be greater than the population growth rate.WHILE
Economic Development is defined as the increase in the economic wealth of a country or a particular area, for the welfare of its residents.
Nigeria is an under developed nation because it doesn’t fit into the criteria of a developed nation(reduction in poverty,unemployment,inequality and allocation of resources)and is experiencing an inflation which is affecting our Economic growth.

1:DUDLEY SEERS ‘THE MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT’
August 7th, 2009 Manifesto
Dudley Seers, first Director of IDS, argued that “the focus on national income as a target for achieving poverty reduction avoided the real problems of development” and recommended “redefining how development was measured”. In this paper, he offered policy recommendations to incorporate more socially-relevant measures to better address development problems, focusing on education, population growth, and political independence. Seers argued “that there is no real ‘development’ when the benefits of technology and progress helped only a small number of people in the developed world, who are already relatively rich.” Furthermore, “if governments become more interested in social measurements then statistics offices would produce more appropriate information” Apparently, the Indian Government had already tried to incorporate such measures in its National Household Survey of 1962. (ID21)

2:

3:The Importance of individual freedom is critical in the concept of development.
Freedom is not only the basis of the evaluation of success and failure ,but a principal determinant of individual initiative.
Economic development has many dimension including economic security, political liberty and civil freedom are also important on their own and do not have to be justified directly in terms of their effects on the economy

4: Women constitute an indispensable force in the quest for national development of any nation.In the developed nations, women have to be able to play this important role.However in Nigeria women are still relegated to the background as they lack the educational, economic and political power necessary to actualize their innate potentials.The paper examinnes the important place women hold in the empowerment of women to enable them contribute their quota to national development.Unfortunately women’s access to education is low.Government should take more proactive steps to ensure greater women participation in education through scholarships.

5:
*Being able to live long
*Being well nourished and eating well
*Being Literate
*Being Well Clothed

6:The Three core values of development are;
* Sustenance:It refers to the basic needs of a human being without which survival would not be possible e.g Food,Shelter and security
Shortage of any of these necessities implies a situation of severe underdevelopment of the economy.Development therefore must lead to the reduction of shortages and fulfill these basic needs

*Self Esteem: Every individual is entitled to self respect.Respect is attached to wealth.Hence to promote self worth , development must be spread across the whole economy

*Freedom: Freedom refers not just freedom from servitude,but also from discrimination and practices.Everyone must be free to choose and have control over their own life and actions

7:I actually stand for the submission that more money brings more problem because,a man that has much wealth thinks excessively
Any tampering on that wealth can be of a shock to him which might lead to death or severe sickness such as stroke
Also it brings problems such as insecurities,much wealth might lead to problems such as kidnapping,assassination and the rest.

8.ECONOMIC GROWTH
*Economic growth is the positive change in the indicators of the economy
*Economic growth means an increase in real national income and national output
*It refers to an increase over time in a country’s real output of goods and services (GNP) or real output

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
*Economic development is the quantitative and qualitative change in Economy
*Economic development means an improvement in the quality of life and living standards
*Economic development is concerned with the happiness of public life

REG NUMBER:2019/242727
NAME:ASOGWA REJOICE CHINECHEREM
DEPARTMENT:ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
COURSE:ECO 361
1-By Dudley Seers* SUMMARY. Development means creating the conditions for the realization of human personality. Its evaluation must therefore take into account three linked economic criteria: whether there has been a reduction in (i) poverty; (ii) unemployment; (iii) inequality.
2-the focus on national income as a target for achieving poverty reduction avoided the real problems of development” and recommended “redefining how development was measured”. In this paper, he offered policy recommendations to incorporate more socially-relevant measures to better address development problems, focusing on education, population growth, and political independence. Seers argued “that there is no real ‘development’ when the benefits of technology and progress helped only a small number of people in the developed world, who are already relatively rich.” Furthermore, “if governments become more interested in social measurements then statistics offices would produce more appropriate information” Apparently, the Indian Government had already tried to incorporate such measures in its National Household Survey of 1962. (ID21)
3-Yes I agree
Reasons being that Amartya Sen’s capability theory approach is a theoretical framework that involves two core normative claims. First, the assumption that freedom to achieve well-being is of primary moral importance. And second, that freedom to achieve well-being must be understood in terms of people with capabilities.
Sen has made contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, economic and social justice, economic theories of famines, decision theory, development economics, public health, and measures of well-being of countries.

Sen argues that social evaluation should be based on the extent of the freedoms that people have to further the objectives that they value. Poverty in this framework becomes a ‘capability failure’ – people’s lack of the capabilities to enjoy key ‘beings and doings’ that are basic to human life.
4-They play the role of mothers, caretakers in family affairs, farmers, educators, entrepreneurs, teachers, e.t.c. It is historic that women play significant roles in societal development and ensure the stability, progress, and long-term development of nations. Women also play the role of decision-makers in homes.
Women’s productive role includes all tasks that enhance the income and economy of the household and the community, e.g. crop and livestock production, handicrafts production, marketing and wage employment. invisible efforts to feed, clothe and nurture their families are the actions that sustain their communities”. The woman performs the role of wife, partner, organizer, administrator, director, re-creator, disburser, economist, mother, disciplinarian, teacher, health officer, artist and queen in the family at the same time. Apart from it, woman plays a key role in the socio-economic development of the society.
5-At the core of the capability approach is a normative commitment to conceptualize well-being in terms of capabilities and functionings. Functionings are ‘doings and beings’, that is, various states of human beings and activities that a person has achieved, such as being well-nourished, getting married, being educated, and travelling, while capabilities are the real, or substantive, opportunity that they have to achieve these doings and beings.
person’s ‘capability-set’ denotes the set of capabilities that he or she can choose from, while the term ‘basic capabilities’ refers either to “the innate equipment of individuals that is necessary for developing the more advanced capabilities”, such as the capability of speech and language, which is present in a newborn but needs to be fostered (Nussbaum 2000, 84), or to the freedom to do some basic things considered necessary for survival and to avoid or escape poverty or other serious deprivation (Sen 1992, 45, fn. 19). The relevance of basic capabilities is “not so much in ranking living standards, but in deciding on a cut-off point for the purpose of assessing poverty and deprivation”
6-There are three core values of development: (i) sustenance, (ii) self- esteem, and (iii) freedom.
Sustenance: Sustenance is the ability to meet basic needs of people. All people have certain basic needs without which life would be impossible. These basic needs include food, shelter, health, and protection.

Self-esteem:
A second universal component of good life is self- esteem- a sense of worth and self-respect- of not being used as a tool by others for their own ends. Due to the significance attached to material values in developed nations, worthiness and esteem are now-a-days increasingly conferred only on countries that possess economic wealth and technological power- those that have developed. Now-a-days the Third World seeks development in order to gain the esteem which is denied to societies living in a state of disgraceful “underdevelopment.” … Development is legitimized as a goal because it is an important, perhaps even an indispensable, way of gaining esteem

Freedom from Servitude:
Arthur Lewis stressed the relationship between economic growth and freedom from servitude when he concluded that “the advantage of economic growth is not that wealth increases happiness, but that it increases the range of human choice.” Wealth can enable a person to gain greater control over nature and his physical environment than they would have if they remained poor.
It also gives them the freedom to choose greater leisure. The concept of human freedom should encompass various components of political freedom, freedom of expression, political participation and equality of opportunity.
7-scholars concluded that having more money has a direct relationship with increased overall life satisfaction. However, this relationship is not a straight line. As income increases after a certain point, its impact on happiness tends to reduce. And those with little money felt happier with increased income.
8-Economic growth means an increase in real national income / national output. Economic development means an improvement in the quality of life and living standards, e.g. measures of literacy, life-expectancy and health care.
* Economic growth measures an increase in Real GDP (real output). GDP is a measure of the national income / national output and national expenditure. It basically measures the total volume of goods and services produced in an economy. While Economic
Development looks at a wider range of statistics than just GDP per capita. Development is concerned with how people are actually affected. It looks at their actual living standards and the freedom they have to enjoy a good standard of living.
*Economic growth is one of the features of economic development.
*Economic growth is an automatic process. Unlike economic development, which is the outcome of planned and result-oriented activities.
*Economic growth enables an increase in the indicators like GDP, per capita income, etc. On the other hand, economic development enables improvement in the life expectancy rate, infant mortality rate, literacy rate, and poverty rates.
*Economic growth can be measured when there is a positive change in the national income, whereas economic development can be seen when there is an increase in real national income.
*Economic growth is a short-term process that takes into account the yearly growth of the economy. But if we talk about economic development it is a long-term process.
*Economic Growth applies to developed economies to gauge the quality of life, but as it is an essential condition for development, it applies to developing countries also. In contrast, economic development applies to developing countries to measure progress.
*Economic Growth results in quantitative changes, but economic development brings both quantitative and qualitative changes.
*Economic growth can be measured in a particular period. As opposed to economic development is a continuous process so that it can be seen in the long run.

Name: Otutu Chisom Judith
Reg number: 2019/242963
Department: Economics
Answers
1) Development involves growth and other factors. Hence, compared to the objective of development, economic growth is easy to realize by a larger mobilization of resources and raising their productivity, output level can be raised.
The above paragraph means that development does not just occur. When I say, development is not just about growth, it means it is also about other factors like reduction of poverty, adequate employment, mobilization of resources e.t.c. When the government put in more effort to remove poverty, unemployment, inequality and embezzling of resources the outcome is what professor Dudley Seers argues as development
2) Development does not just occur on its own. It does not just involve growth or outcome or rise in output. There are main factors that bring about development. Economic development is not possible without growth but growth is possible with development which brings us back to the factors that bring about growth and there are reduction in poverty, unemployment and inequalities etc. All these bring about growth in an economy and not just growth, it also bring development
3) According to Amartya Sen “Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom”. The word “Unfreedom” means a lot of things. For example, what are those things that make the citizens not to be free? According to Amartya Sen, those things are poverty, tyranny, poor economic opportunities, social deprivation etc.
When the government in power does not provide adequately for her citizens, there will be poverty, tyranny, unemployment etc. The government has to provide adequate economic opportunities. Those economic opportunities will be able to reduce poverty, tyranny, social deprivation, neglect of public facilities, intolerance of repressive states etc.and when all these are reduced, the result is that the outcome of the economy increases and the people’s lives are better which brings about development.
4) In this present economy, women are looked down upon. It is believed that only men can impact and develop societies and this belief reduces the potential of women. Even if for example, a woman has the potential, this belief will bring down her potential and make her feel as if she has nothing to offer which results in the death of her potential.
If societies can empower and invest in women, not only investing in men, the development will increase in that particular society
5)Some important “Being” and “Doings* in capability to function are:-
a)Being healthy:- In a country, where most of the citizens are healthy, that country is said to be a developed country. For example, in a country where employers are given leaves, vacation and are paid well, the citizens will not have to overwork themselves from year to year because they are given leave and they can go on vacation but in a case where employers have to overwork themselves, they will fall sick often which will result in obad health or sickness
b)Being able to live long: In a developed country, most of the citizens are healthy and when human beings are healthy, the tendency to live long is very high
c)Being well nourished:- In a developed country, where there is adequate allocation of resources, citizens will be adequately employed which will result in better income and with better income, the citizens will be able to provide proper meals for themselves and their families which will also result in better nourishment of the human body
d)Being well clothed:- As explained above, citizens that earn enough money in a developed country would be able to provide for themselves in terms of basic necessities of life which includes clothing
e)Being mobile:- In a developed economy, citizens will not be afraid of moving from one place to another no matter how wealthy they are because there would be less crimes and the roads would be safe and convenient to be ready to move at anytime
6) Sustenance: This can be defined as the financial means whereby one lives. It is also the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence. For instance, a family in which the head of the family earns enough money and provides adequately for his household with any member of the household lacking anything, that family is said to be subsistent. In a developed country, citizens should be able to meet their basic needs.
Self esteem: This is the feeling of pride in oneself. For instance, in a developed economy where citizens take pride in what they do or say. There’s no inferiority complex. Everybody has respect for each other’s opinions, ideas and handiwork. Where citizens are not afraid to bring up their own ideas. In a developed country, citizens should be able to have pride in themselves, they should be able to be a person.
Freedom from servitude: Servitude is a state of subjection to an owner. For example in a country where citizens able to speak up and do things without fear of being subjected my government authorities, that country is said to be developed. Let’s look at Nigeria for instance, from my point of view, Nigeria is being subjected/imprisoned by the government therefore Nigeria does not have a developed economy. In a developed economy, citizens should not feel imprisoned or subjected. They should be able to make choices, speak out, give out their own ideas etc.
7) It can not be denied that a person becomes happy when he or she has money or a stable source of income. Using myself as an example, when my parents reduced my pocket money due to the economy of Nigeria, I was not happy because I had to reduce the things I buy and spend on. So there is denying it that money brings about happiness.
But to some extent, I believe the above notion applies to only normal income earners who can easily provide their basic needs ( normal individuals). For instance, politicians do not go anywhere alone because of the kind of money they have or because of their source of income ( bad source of income) because they lack peace of mind which also indicates that the more money you have, the more happiness eludes you.
8) Economic growth refers to the increase in the monetary or outpu growth of a nation in a particular period while economic development refers to the overall increase/development of the quality of life in a nation which includes economic growth.
If I am to judge Nigeria according to the above differentiation, I would say Nigeria is not experiencing economic growth not to talk of economic development. Let’s take a look at our economy, there is no output/growth in our country. The prices of everything has gone up and the country’s GDP is reducing instead of increasing. So if there is no growth, how can there be development because growth leads to development. The quality of life of people gets worse each day. People are dying due to bad health, road accidents, malnourishment, insecurity etc. Students are dropping out because of strike and school fees increment, youths are turning into armed robbers or indulging in ritual ways to make money because there is no employment etc.
Nigeria is currently at a very low level in terms of economic growth and development.

NAME : UGWU SARAH CHINECHEREM
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS EDUCATION
REG NUMBER: 2019/241843
COURSE: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (ECO 361)
1.Professor Dudley Seers argues that development is about outcomes ie development occurs with the reduction and elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within a growing economy. Discuss
Answer:
Poverty and inequality in Nigeria are not due to a lack of resources, but due to the ill-use, misallocation and misappropriation of such resources. At the root of all is the culture of corruption combined with political elite out of touch with the daily struggles of average Nigerians. The United Nations used the Human Development Index (HDI) to measure the basic human development achievements in a country. It shows inequality in the distribution of human development across the population of a country in three dimensions of health of the people, their level of education and their standard of living. The 2019 human Development Report showed that Nigeria HDI is 0.534, which ranked Nigeria 158 out of 189 countries with high rate of inequalities. Between 2005 and 2018, our HDI value have increased from 0.467 to 0.534, which is an increased of 14.4%. Instead of decreasing, the rate keeps on increasing. The HDI was 0.467 in 2005, 0.484 in 2010, 0.527 in 2015, 0.528 in 2016, 0.533 in 2017 and 0.534 in 2018. Based on Professor Dudley Seer’s assertion on development, the inequality should be falling and not rising for a country to experience development.
UNEMPLOYMENT
The rate of unemployment in Nigeria especially among the active labor force (youth) is very alarming. According to the Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics (2019) report, youth unemployment rate averaged 23.63% from 2014 until it reaches an all time high of 38% in the 2nd quarter of 2018. During the 3rd quarter of 2018, the unemployment rate was 39.7% which is the combination of 23.1% unemployment rate and 16.6% underemployment rate. The Bureau projected that if the rising trend of unemployment is not urgently curtailed, the unemployment rate will reach 33.5% by 2020. While inaugurating the National Employment Council (NEC) in 2018, the Nigeria minister of labor and productivity charged the council to bring out policy measures that will reverse the increasing unemployment trend in Nigeria. He noted that despite the fact that 14 different programs were implemented by the federal government from 1972 till date to reduce unemployment and eradicate poverty, the unemployment rate and poverty levels are still increasing which indicates high resilience against the intervention programs. This rising trend of unemployment is in contrast with Dudley Seer’s assertion on development. Those figures on unemployment shows that Nigeria as a nation is not experiencing development. The unemployment rate has been increasing from 9.0% in 2015 to 23.1% in 2018. These show that the unemployment rate has been increasing with no sign of going down. In fact, it has been projected that by 2020, the unemployment rate would have reached 33.5% (NBS, 2018). Therefore, according to Professor Dudley Seer’s question on unemployment, Nigeria is not experiencing development.

2. Apart from a rise in output, Economic Development involves changes in composition of output, shift in the allocation of productive resources, and elimination or reduction of poverty, inequalities and unemployment. Clearly discuss the above assertion.
Ans: When output rises above its potential level, resulting in a positive gap. In this case, the economy is often described as “overheating,” which generates upward pressure on inflation and may prompt the central bank to “cool” the economy by raising interest rates. So apart from a rise in output Economic development, it also involves changes from these four factors : human resources, physical capital, natural resources and technology. Highly developed countries have governments that focus on these areas.

3. In the words of Amartya Sen “Development m the removal of major sources of unfreedom, poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive states. Do you agree? Explain in details.

Ans: Development means freedom, according to Amartya Sen, perhaps the greatest development thinker of our times. AND YES I AGREE WITH HIM because Development is the process of expanding human freedom. It is “the enhancement of freedoms that allow people to lead lives that they have reason to live”. Hence “development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systemic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or overactivity of repressive states”.

4.Critically discuss the Central Role of Women in the National Development. *The role of women in the development of the nation is quite significant, even thaugh largely impeded and unrecognised, that is to make the biggest impact on development, societies must empower and invest in woman.
* The natural role of women cannot be underestimated in the overall development of the nation. In fact, they are an important segment in the development process. They should therefore be given every opportunity to develop their potentials so that they can take their rightful place in nation￾building.
* Women are the major food producers of the third world and by denying them their rights the economies of whole communities are undermined. It is not sufficient to incorporate them in some artificial way into the development process. Indeed, they are an integral part of that process ; In Nigeria, women form a sizeable proportion of the country’s population. They are an important segment in the development process. Whitehead observed that women should be given every opportunity to develop their potentials so that they can take a rightful place in nation-building. He added that researchers have pinpointed the exclusion of women in development policy as a major source offailure or lack of satisfactory results in development efforts .
* Nigerian women have made some appreciable impact in their contribution to the development of the Nigerian nation. The active participation of a large number of women in the political for a is strangely a new phenomenon. Although in the past, Nigeria has seen amazons like Funmilayo Ransome Kuti, Margareth Ekpo,Madam Tinubu of Lagos and a landful of other activitist, women have often been relegated to the background in national politics. This situation however seem to be changing as women are now making serious and appreciable impact in the political life of the country, especially since the 2005 Berjin conference and women affirmative position (Aweni 2006). Madam Tinubu of Lagos and a landful of other activitist, women have often been relegated to the background in national politics. This situation however seem to be changing as women are now making serious and appreciable impact in the political life of the country, especially since the 2005 Berjin conference and women affirmative position (Aweni 2006).

5. Clearly discuss some Important “Beings” and “Doings” in Capability to Function
*Being able to live long : Striving for your maximum potential age is the goal of longevity. This potentially can be reached by practicing healthy behaviors and attitudes. Longevity is defined as “long life” or “a great duration of life.”
*Being well nourished : having been provided with plenty of the material necessary for life and growth.
*Being healthy : Healthy movement may include walking, sports, dancing, yoga, running or other activities you enjoy. Eat a well-balanced, low-fat diet with lots of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Choose a diet that’s low in saturated fat and cholesterol, and moderate in sugar, salt and total fat.
*Being mobile : capable of moving or being moved
*Being literate : If you’re literate you can read and write, and since you’re reading this, that’s what you are. Literate can also mean more than just being able to read and write, but being really fluent in a field.
* Being well clothed: well-dressed affects efficiency in work situations. His thesis was that an individual confident of being well… She believed that clothing helps to make one self-confident and self-respecting,

6. Discuss the three Core Values of Development with relevant example
These core values are consisted of (i) Sustenance, (ii) Self – Esteem, (iii) Freedom.They relate to fundamental human needs of all the societies at all the times.
(i) Life Sustenance, i.e., Ability to Meet Basic Needs:It is also known as “the ability to meet basic needs”. All the persons have certain basic needs which are necessary for the survival. They consist of food, shelter,health and protection. If any one of them is missing or in short supply in any economy it would represent the state of under-development. Therefore, the purpose of economic development and economic activity is to make the possible efforts whereby the helplessness and misery of the people which arises due to lack of food, shelter, health and protection could be removed. Therefore, if due to economic development the quality of life is improved, it would really represent economic development. Therefore, if per capita income increases, absolute poverty is eliminated, greater employment opportunities are created and income inequalities are lessened, such all would constitute the , necessary though not the sufficient condition of economic development.
(ii) Self-Esteem, i.e., to be a Person: A second universal component of the good life is a self-esteem, a sense of worth and self-respect. It means that the other people could not use him for their own ends. It also means that each person should be given his due respect and due right. Each person is desirous of his prestige, identity and recognition, though all f such values differ from country to country and from society to society. It is being observed now a days that when the process of economic development starts in a country the inequalities in the distribution of income increase. Because of such inequality the rich class considers itself superior to the poor. In this way, the poor segment of the society suffers from inferiority complex which leads to affect their efficiency.Therefore, economic development should aim at removing such like unhealthy social land economic situation. When the man will be considered man and he is given due place he will be able to contribute well to economic development. Moreover, in addition to such domestic situation, such an atmosphere should be created at international level that both rich and the poor countries could stand side by side. If despite remarkable growth attained by UDCs they are looked down upon by the DCs, it will not represent economic growth.
(iii) Freedom from Servitude, i.e., to be Able to Choose:
The third universal value required for economic development is concerned with humanfreedom. By freedom it means the emancipation from alienating material conditions oflife and from social servitude to nature, ignorance, other people, misery, institutions and dogmatic beliefs.

7. Some scholars have argued that happiness has a direct correlation with more income while others disagree with the assertion.

• There is now a great deal of micro-econometric evidence, both cross-section and panel, showing that income is positively correlated with well-being/happiness. Yet the famous Easterlin paradox shows essentially no change in average happiness at the country level, despite spectacular rises in per capita GDP. We argue that survey well-being questions are indeed good proxy measures of utility, and resolve the Easterlin paradox by appealing to income comparisons: these can be to others (social comparisons) or to oneself in the past (habituation). We review a substantial amount of econometric, experimental and neurological literature consistent with comparisons, and then spell out the implications for a wide range of economic issue.
DISAGREE
As some scholar’s believe that Money contributes to happiness when it helps us make basic needs but the research tells us that above a certain level more money doesn’t actually yield more happiness.
One of the most well-known findings in the economic study of happiness is that, on average, happiness increases with income, but at a certain point diminishing returns set in. In other words, money can only buy a fixed level of happiness, after which extra income and wealth doesn’t make much difference.
The truth is, money does make us happier, but it’s not all about money. Research has shown that connection and social relationships are more important contributors to our own happiness.
8.Distinguish between Economic Growth and •Economic Development and tell us where we are currently as a nation in terms of growth and development.
• Economic growth is about income (GNP,GDP GNI etc), while economic development is about outcome (Human development Indicators, industrial development, improved standard of living, etc).
• Economic Growth is the positive change in the indicators of economy. While Economic development is the quantitative and qualitative change in an economy.
• Economic Growth refers to the increment in amount of goods and services produced by an economy. While Economic development refers to the reduction and elimination of poverty, unemployment and inequality with the context of growing economy.
• Economic growth means an increase in real national income / national output. While Economic development means an improvement in the quality of life and living standards, e.g. measures of literacy, life-expectancy and health care.
•It refers to an increase over time in a country’s real output of goods and services (GNP) or real output per capita income. While Economic development includes process and policies by which a country improves the social, economic and political well-being of its people.
•Economic growth focuses on production of goods and services. While Economic development focuses on distribution of resources.
•Economic growth relates a gradual increase in one of the components of GDP; consumption, government spending, investment or net exports. While Economic development relates to growth of human capital indexes and decrease in inequality.
•Economic growth is single dimensional in nature as it only focuses on income of the people. While Economic development is multi-dimensional in nature as it focuses on both income and improvement of living standards of the people.
* where Nigeria is currently as a nation in terms of growth and development.
Answer:
In Nigeria where poor governance, insecurity, corruption, greed, poverty, inequality, unemployment, banditry, kidnapping, tribalism, nepotism, and various agitation have threatened the unity, peace, Growth, development, and progress of the country in the face of the Buhari civilian administration, causing Nigerians leaving the shores of the country for greener pastures. Nigeria is still stuck in the league of very poor, corrupt, underdeveloped, infrastructural decaying, crisis-riven, morally bankrupt and leadership deficient country. Rather than become an exemplar of transformational leadership, modern bureaucracy, national development, national integration, and innovation.
Nigeria is in a challenging and deteriorating economic situation with lowered growth projections. To reduce its vulnerability to crisis and rise to its potential, Nigeria has to choose among markedly different paths. Policy reforms are available to help the country overcome the current challenges and set the foundations for rising to its potential. These reforms are needed in three key areas: restoring macroeconomic stability; boosting private sector development and competitiveness; and expanding social protection to protect the poor and most vulnerable.

1. The purpose of development as discussed by. Dudley Seers is to reduce poverty, inequality, and unemployment. To Seers, development involves reducing deprivation or broadening choice. It represents a multidimensional view of poverty that includes, hunger, illiteracy, illness and poor health, powerlessness, voicelessness, insecurity, humiliation and lack of access to basic infrastructure
The development could be seen as involving the provision of basic needs of the people, which is the target population as a subject rather than an object. It lays more emphasis on human potentialities, creativity, energy and the involvement of people and government with individuals, and group of communities leading to increase capacity to control or make decisions on issues and problems that affect the less developed countries.
Dudley Seer was a British trained in Cambridge as a development economist. He emphasized on the significance of social development in place of growth fetishism of the neoclassical approach to development.
According to Seer (1969), for a nation to
know they are really develop or not, they
need to ask themselves three basic questions
which are: What has been happening to
poverty? What has been happening to
unemployment? what has been happening
to inequality? To Seer, if all three of these
are declining, then beyond doubt, that nation
is experiencing development. These mean
that true development happened when
poverty is reduced or eliminated,
unemployment declining and the levels of
inequality is reducing. Of course, reduction
in these three development indicators will in
no doubt increases the well been and quality
of life of a nation’s citizens

2. economic growth and development is the most powerful instrument for reducing poverty and improving the quality of life in developing countries. Both cross-country research and country case
studies provide overwhelming evidence that rapid and sustained growth is critical to making faster progress towards the Millennium Development Goals – and not just the first goal of halving the global proportion of people living on less than $1 a day.
Growth can generate virtuous circles of prosperity and opportunity. Strong growth and
employment opportunities improve incentives for parents to invest in their children’s
education by sending them to school. This may lead to the emergence of a strong and
growing group of entrepreneurs, which should generate pressure for improved
governance. Strong economic growth therefore advances human development, which,
in turn, promotes economic growth.
But under different conditions, similar rates of growth can have very different effects on
poverty, the employment prospects of the poor and broader indicators of human development. The extent to which growth reduces poverty depends on the degree to which the poor participate in the growth process and share in its proceeds.
employment opportunities improve incentives for parents to invest in their children’s
education by sending them to school. This may lead to the emergence of a strong and growing group of entrepreneurs, which should generate pressure for improved governance. Strong economic growth therefore advances human development, which,
in turn, promotes economic growth.
But under different conditions, similar rates of growth can have very different effects on poverty, the employment prospects of the poor and broader indicators of human development. The extent to which growth reduces poverty depends on the degree to
which the poor participate in the growth process and share in its proceeds.Thus, both
the pace and pattern of growth matter for reducing poverty.
A successful strategy of poverty reduction must have at its core measures to promote
rapid and sustained economic growth. The challenge for policy is to combine growthpromoting policies with policies that allow the poor to participate fully in the
opportunities unleashed and so contribute to that growth. This includes policies to make
labour markets work better, remove gender inequalities and increase financial inclusion.

3. Development means freedom, according to Amartya Sen, perhaps the greatest development thinker of our times.
Over the centuries, there have been very many theories of development. According to 1998 Nobel prize winner, Amartya Sen, freedom is both the primary objective of development, and the principal means of development. The human being is an engine of change.
According to Sen, development is enhanced by democracy and the protection of human rights. Hi Such rights, especially freedom of the press, speech, assembly, and so forth increase the likelih
He claims that “no famine has ever taken place in the history of the world in a functioning democracy”. This is because democratic governments “have to win elections and face public criticism, and have strong incentive to undertake measures to avert famines and other catastrophesood of honest, clean, good government.
some see freedom as a potential disturbance to political stability and development. They recommend repressive interventions of the state in stifling liberty, initiative and enterprise, and in crippling the working of the individual agency and cooperative action. Sen attacks Singapore’s Lee Kuan Yew and his theories of Asian values which are used to justify political repression. For Sen there is no such thing as Asian values in a continent with vastly disparate populations and traditions, and containing 60 per cent of the world’s population. And as Dani Rodrik said, the economic performance of authoritarian regimes is either very good or very bad – and usually very bad. Most democracies occupy the middle ground.
So how did the dynamic economies of East Asia develop so rapidly? Sen highlights “social opportunities” provided by government in the form of schooling, basic health care, basic land reform, and microcredit. These economies were riding on the success of the individual entering the market. While many of these economies were not democratic, some like Korea, Taiwan, Thailand became more democratic over time.
Sen argues that there are five types of interrelated freedoms, namely, political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency and security. The state has a role in supporting freedoms by providing public education, health care, social safety nets, good macroeconomic policies, productivity and protecting the environment.

Freedom implies not just to do something, but the capabilities to make it happen.
What people can achieve (their capabilities) is influenced by “economic opportunities, political liberties, social powers, and the enabling condition of good health, basic education, and the encouragement and cultivation of initiatives”

For Sen, “capability deprivation” is a better measure of poverty than low income. While higher GDP does produce improvements in most measures of the quality of life, but there are exceptions. Some places with low GDP/capita like Sri Lanka, China and the India state of Kerala have higher life expectancies and literacy rates than richer countries like Brazil, South Africa and Namibia. And Afro-Americans have a lower life expectancy than males in China and parts of India, although their average real income is far higher.
More fundamentally, Sen does not address the issue of how individual freedoms should be nested into society, where we all have to forego some freedom in order to live together peacefully.

4. Through history, the role of women in the society have been a necessary constituent for the national development of any nation. Their importance is evident both in modern and traditional sectors, not only as housewives and mothers in society, but also by their contribution to the quality of day to day life.

The central role of women; which is to ensure the stability, progress and achievement of sustainable development in the society; have had great impact on the developed nations of today. However, in Nigeria, women are still relegated  to the background as they lack the educational, economic and political power necessary to actualize their innate potentials.

In Nigeria, just as it is in all parts of the world, women are facing threats to their lives, health and well-being as a result of being overburdened with work and of their lack of power and influence. This unfavorable narrative is driven by different power relations. The power relations that impede women’s attainment of healthy and fulfilling lives operate at many levels of society; from the most personal to the highly public.
By eliminating all forms of violence against women, and bringing about a balanced representation of women and men in all sectors, leaders can play a central role as an active variable in shaping a more democratic, stabilized and developed society.
5.
Clearly discuss some Important “Beings” and “Doings” in Capability to Function

Being Mobile=
capable of moving or being moved

If you are mobile, you can move or travel easily from place to place, for example because you do not have a physical disability or because you have your own transport.
It could also mean
having the opportunity for or undergoing a shift in status within the levels of a society

Being healthy=Keeping healthy will also help you keep free of chronic diseases, like heart disease and cancer. Some more key advantages of eating healthily and working out regularly are that you will live longer, have more energy in daily aspects of your life and you will also be keeping medicine bills down.

Being literate= Being literate means having the skills to be able to read, write and speak to understand and create meaning. While becoming literate is a central aim of English in secondary schools, the subject English and literacy are not the same
6. Sustenance:

The life-sustaining basic human needs include food, shelter, health and protection. When any one of these is absent or in critically short supply, a condition of absolute “underdevelopment” exists.

Self-esteem:

A second universal component of good life is self- esteem- a sense of worth and self-respect- of not being used as a tool by others for their own ends. Due to the significance attached to material values in developed nations, worthiness and esteem are now-a-days increasingly conferred only on countries that possess economic wealth and technological power- those that have developed.

Freedom from Servitude:

Arthur Lewis stressed the relationship between economic growth and freedom from servitude when he concluded that “the advantage of economic growth is not that wealth increases happiness, but that it increases the range of human choice.” Wealth can enable a person to gain greater control over nature and his physical environment than they would have if they remained poor.

It also gives them the freedom to choose greater leisure. The concept of human freedom should encompass various components of political freedom, freedom of expression, political participation and equality of opportunity.

7. Having more money make someone feel happier? The answer to this longstanding question has implications for how individuals live their lives and societies are structured. It is often assumed that more income brings more happiness (with happiness broadly defined herein as hedonic feelings, while recognizing closely related constructs, including satisfaction and eudaimonia; Tiberius, 2006; Angner, 2010; Dolan and Kudrna, 2016; Sunstein, 2021). In many aspects of policy, upward income mobility is encouraged, and poverty can result in exclusion, stigmatization, and discrimination by institutions and members of the public. More income provides people with opportunities and, sometimes, capabilities to consume more and thus satisfy more of their preferences, meet their desires and obtain more of what they want and need (Harsanyi, 1997; Sen, 1999; Nussbaum, 2008). These are all reasons to assume that higher income will bring greater happiness—or, at least, that low income will bring low happiness.having more money make someone feel happier? The answer to this longstanding question has implications for how individuals live their lives and societies are structured. It is often assumed that more income brings more happiness (with happiness broadly defined herein as hedonic feelings, while recognizing closely related constructs, including satisfaction and eudaimonia; Tiberius, 2006; Angner, 2010; Dolan and Kudrna, 2016; Sunstein, 2021). In many aspects of policy, upward income mobility is encouraged, and poverty can result in exclusion, stigmatization, and discrimination by institutions and members of the public. More income provides people with opportunities and, sometimes, capabilities to consume more and thus satisfy more of their preferences, meet their desires and obtain more of what they want and need (Harsanyi, 1997; Sen, 1999; Nussbaum, 2008). These are all reasons to assume that higher income will bring greater happiness—or, at least, that low income will bring low happiness.

1. Professor Dudley Seers argues so base on three question that he developed; and they are;

‌ What is happening to poverty
‌ What is happening to inequality
‌ What is happening to unemployment
He questioned so based in the fact that the only way development can be achieved and seen is when poverty, inequality (between the rich and the poor), and unemployment is reduced or completely eliminated. Development can be accepted based on what can be seen, i.e the cost of living is reduced, infrastructures are developed, good level of GDP rises e.t.c. So Professor Dudley was right saying that development is about outcomes.

2. Economic development involves changes in composition of output, shift in the allocation of productive resources, and elimination or reduction of poverty, inequalities and unemployment.
Economic development involves all that reason be that :- Jhingan (2007), defines
development as economic growth plus change. The author sees development as being related to qualitative changes in economic wants, goods, incentives, institutions, productivity and knowledge or upward movement of the entire social system. This definition sees development
as growth and qualitative changes in the entire social system. This means development brings about desirable changes that improve the lives of the people. According to Kindleberger (1965), it implies both more output and changes in the technical and institutional arrangement by which it is produced and distributed. In same vein, Friedman and Hansen (1972),
defined it as an innovative process leading to the structural transformation of social system. Innovation and transformation of social system are the key points in this definition. The definitions above imply
that development is about growth and change and this agrees with the above assertion that “Economic development involves changes in composition of output, shift in the allocation of productive resources, and elimination or reduction of poverty, inequalities and unemployment.”
Desirability is therefore relative, making development both a physical reality and a state of mind in which the society has.
Whatever the specific components of these desirable changes are, development in all societies must have at least the following three objectives:
1) To increase the availability and widen the distribution of basic life-sustaining goods such as food, shelter, and protection.
2) To raise level of living standard.
3) To expand the range of economic and social choices available to individuals and nations by freeing them from servitude.

3. I agree to the above assertion, reason because for a community to show that it has been developed, freedom to do most things should be seen.

4. The Central role of women in the national development include;
‌Women play the role of mothers, caretakers in family affairs, farmers, educators, entrepreneurs, teachers, e.t.c. It is historic that women play significant roles in societal development and ensure the stability, progress, and long-term development of nations.
‌Women also play the role of decision-makers in homes. At home, women, notably mothers, play the role in decision-making about family meal planning and diet.
‌Globally, women contribute immensely to agricultural development, comprising about 43% of the world’s agricultural labor force. In some countries, the number of women involved in the agricultural labor force increases to over 70%.
‌Women also initiate and preserve the nutritional and healthcare programs of children at home.
‌As educators, the role or contribution of women to society’s transition from pre-literate to the literate period is highly significant.
‌Apart from it, woman plays a key role in the socio-economic development of the society.

5. Some important “beings” and “doings” in capability to function include
a. Being Well nourished: In development, am citizens should be well nourished as food resources should be affordable
b. Being able to take part in the life of the community: economic development comes with freedom. Freedom in socializing.
c. Being literate: Literacy and the school system should be easy and affordable to get in a developed area. Schools will be developed and updated.
d. Being Healthy: In a well developed country, it’s citizens should be well fed and looking healthy. Good food and hospital services should be well affordable
e. Being Well-clothed: Economic Development should be shown in how the citizens dress. The average man in a nation should be able to afford a nice cloth

6. Sustenance: Sustenance is the ability to meet basic needs of people. All people have certain basic needs without which life would be impossible. These basic needs include food, shelter, health, and protection. People should have access to these basic needs.
Self-Esteem: Sense of worth and self-respect are extremely important for individual’s well being. All peoples and societies seek some form of self-esteem (identity, dignity, respect, honor etc.). Self-esteem may be based on material values: higher income or wealth may be equated with higher worthiness.
Freedom from Servitude: Human freedom, the ability to choose, is essential for the
well being of individuals. Freedom involves an expanded range of choices for societies: economic and political. It involves freedom from bondage, serfdom, and other exploitative economic, social, and political relationships.

7. Happiness does not have a perfectly direct correlation with development. The rich though getting richer could be unhappy due to some reasons, the poor can be happy and also, and vice versa.
So happiness has little or no relationship with development.

8. Economic growth can be distinguished from economic development in a lot of ways, some of which include;
a. Economic growth is necessary but insufficient condition for economic development while economics development is a necessary and sufficient condition for improvement of human welfare.
b. Economic growth is a short term process while economic development is a long term process.
c. Economic growth is a narrower concept involving some few parameters while economic development is a broader concept.

Where we are currently as a nation in terms of growth and development is “we are in the growth level, and we are growing sluggishly”.

1. The purpose of development as discussed by. Dudley Seers is to reduce poverty, inequality, and unemployment. To Seers, development involves reducing deprivation or broadening choice. It represents a multidimensional view of poverty that includes, hunger, illiteracy, illness and poor health, powerlessness, voicelessness, insecurity, humiliation and lack of access to basic infrastructure
The development could be seen as involving the provision of basic needs of the people, which is the target population as a subject rather than an object. It lays more emphasis on human potentialities, creativity, energy and the involvement of people and government with individuals, and group of communities leading to increase capacity to control or make decisions on issues and problems that affect the less developed countries.
Dudley Seer was a British trained in Cambridge as a development economist. He emphasized on the significance of social development in place of growth fetishism of the neoclassical approach to development.
According to Seer (1969), for a nation to
know they are really develop or not, they
need to ask themselves three basic questions
which are: What has been happening to
poverty? What has been happening to
unemployment? what has been happening
to inequality? To Seer, if all three of these
are declining, then beyond doubt, that nation
is experiencing development. These mean
that true development happened when
poverty is reduced or eliminated,
unemployment declining and the levels of
inequality is reducing. Of course, reduction
in these three development indicators will in
no doubt increases the well been and quality
of life of a nation’s citizens.

2. economic growth and development is the most powerful instrument for reducing poverty and improving the quality of life in developing countries. Both cross-country research and country case
studies provide overwhelming evidence that rapid and sustained growth is critical to making faster progress towards the Millennium Development Goals – and not just the first goal of halving the global proportion of people living on less than $1 a day.
Growth can generate virtuous circles of prosperity and opportunity. Strong growth and
employment opportunities improve incentives for parents to invest in their children’s
education by sending them to school. This may lead to the emergence of a strong and
growing group of entrepreneurs, which should generate pressure for improved
governance. Strong economic growth therefore advances human development, which,
in turn, promotes economic growth.
But under different conditions, similar rates of growth can have very different effects on
poverty, the employment prospects of the poor and broader indicators of human development. The extent to which growth reduces poverty depends on the degree to which the poor participate in the growth process and share in its proceeds.
employment opportunities improve incentives for parents to invest in their children’s
education by sending them to school. This may lead to the emergence of a strong and growing group of entrepreneurs, which should generate pressure for improved governance. Strong economic growth therefore advances human development, which,
in turn, promotes economic growth.
But under different conditions, similar rates of growth can have very different effects on poverty, the employment prospects of the poor and broader indicators of human development. The extent to which growth reduces poverty depends on the degree to
which the poor participate in the growth process and share in its proceeds.Thus, both
the pace and pattern of growth matter for reducing poverty.
A successful strategy of poverty reduction must have at its core measures to promote
rapid and sustained economic growth. The challenge for policy is to combine growthpromoting policies with policies that allow the poor to participate fully in the
opportunities unleashed and so contribute to that growth. This includes policies to make
labour markets work better, remove gender inequalities and increase financial inclusion.

3. Development means freedom, according to Amartya Sen, perhaps the greatest development thinker of our times.
Over the centuries, there have been very many theories of development. According to 1998 Nobel prize winner, Amartya Sen, freedom is both the primary objective of development, and the principal means of development. The human being is an engine of change.
According to Sen, development is enhanced by democracy and the protection of human rights. Hi Such rights, especially freedom of the press, speech, assembly, and so forth increase the likelih
He claims that “no famine has ever taken place in the history of the world in a functioning democracy”. This is because democratic governments “have to win elections and face public criticism, and have strong incentive to undertake measures to avert famines and other catastrophesood of honest, clean, good government.some see freedom as a potential disturbance to political stability and development. They recommend repressive interventions of the state in stifling liberty, initiative and enterprise, and in crippling the working of the individual agency and cooperative action. Sen attacks Singapore’s Lee Kuan Yew and his theories of Asian values which are used to justify political repression. For Sen there is no such thing as Asian values in a continent with vastly disparate populations and traditions, and containing 60 per cent of the world’s population. And as Dani Rodrik said, the economic performance of authoritarian regimes is either very good or very bad – and usually very bad. Most democracies occupy the middle ground.
So how did the dynamic economies of East Asia develop so rapidly? Sen highlights “social opportunities” provided by government in the form of schooling, basic health care, basic land reform, and microcredit. These economies were riding on the success of the individual entering the market.While many of these economies were not democratic, some like Korea, Taiwan, Thailand became more democratic over time.
Sen argues that there are five types of interrelated freedoms, namely, political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency and security. The state has a role in supporting freedoms by providing public education, health care, social safety nets, good macroeconomic policies, productivity and protecting the environment.
Freedom implies not just to do something, but the capabilities to make it happen.
What people can achieve (their capabilities) is influenced by “economic opportunities, political liberties, social powers, and the enabling condition of good health, basic education, and the encouragement and cultivation of initiatives”
For Sen, “capability deprivation” is a better measure of poverty than low income. While higher GDP does produce improvements in most measures of the quality of life, but there are exceptions. Some places with low GDP/capita like Sri Lanka, China and the India state of Kerala have higher life expectancies and literacy rates than richer countries like Brazil, South Africa and Namibia. And Afro-Americans have a lower life expectancy than males in China and parts of India, although their average real income is far higher.
More fundamentally, Sen does not address the issue of how individual freedoms should be nested into society, where we all have to forego some freedom in order to live together peacefully.

4. Through history, the role of women in the society have been a necessary constituent for the national development of any nation. Their importance is evident both in modern and traditional sectors, not only as housewives and mothers in society, but also by their contribution to the quality of day to day life.

The central role of women; which is to ensure the stability, progress and achievement of sustainable development in the society; have had great impact on the developed nations of today. However, in Nigeria, women are still relegated to the background as they lack the educational, economic and political power necessary to actualize their innate potentials.
In Nigeria, just as it is in all parts of the world, women are facing threats to their lives, health and well-being as a result of being overburdened with work and of their lack of power and influence. This unfavorable narrative is driven by different power relations. The power relations that impede women’s attainment of healthy and fulfilling lives operate at many levels of society; from the most personal to the highly public.
By eliminating all forms of violence against women, and bringing about a balanced representation of women and men in all sectors, leaders can play a central role as an active variable in shaping a more democratic, stabilized and developed society.
5.beinh mobile =capable of moving or being moved
If you are mobile, you can move or travel easily from place to place, for example because you do not have a physical disability or because you have your own transport.
It could also mean having the opportunity for or undergoing a shift in status within the levels of a society
Being healthy Keeping healthy will also help you keep free of chronic diseases, like heart disease and cancer. Some more key advantages of eating healthily and working out regularly are that you will live longer, have more energy in daily aspects of your life and you will also be keeping medicine bills down.
Being literate= Being literate means having the skills to be able to read, write and speak to understand and create meaning. While becoming literate is a central aim of English in secondary schools, the subject English and literacy are not the same

6. Sustenance:
The life-sustaining basic human needs include food, shelter, health and protection. When any one of these is absent or in critically short supply, a condition of absolute “underdevelopment” exists.
Self-esteem:
A second universal component of good life is self- esteem- a sense of worth and self-respect- of not being used as a tool by others for their own ends. Due to the significance attached to material values in developed nations, worthiness and esteem are now-a-days increasingly conferred only on countries that possess economic wealth and technological power- those that have developed.

Freedom from Servitude:
Arthur Lewis stressed the relationship between economic growth and freedom from servitude when he concluded that “the advantage of economic growth is not that wealth increases happiness, but that it increases the range of human choice.” Wealth can enable a person to gain greater control over nature and his physical environment than they would have if they remained poor.
It also gives them the freedom to choose greater leisure. The concept of human freedom should encompass various components of political freedom, freedom of expression, political participation and equality of opportunity.

7. having more money make someone feel happier? The answer to this longstanding question has implications for how individuals live their lives and societies are structured. It is often assumed that more income brings more happiness (with happiness broadly defined herein as hedonic feelings, while recognizing closely related constructs, including satisfaction and eudaimonia; Tiberius, 2006; Angner, 2010; Dolan and Kudrna, 2016; Sunstein, 2021). In many aspects of policy, upward income mobility is encouraged, and poverty can result in exclusion, stigmatization, and discrimination by institutions and members of the public. More income provides people with opportunities and, sometimes, capabilities to consume more and thus satisfy more of their preferences, meet their desires and obtain more of what they want and need (Harsanyi, 1997; Sen, 1999; Nussbaum, 2008).
These are all reasons to assume that higher income will bring greater happiness—or, at least, that low income will bring low happiness.having more money make someone feel happier? The answer to this longstanding question has implications for how individuals live their lives and societies are structured. It is often assumed that more income brings more happiness (with happiness broadly defined herein as hedonic feelings, while recognizing closely related constructs, including satisfaction and eudaimonia; Tiberius, 2006; Angner, 2010; Dolan and Kudrna, 2016; Sunstein, 2021). In many aspects of policy, upward income mobility is encouraged, and poverty can result in exclusion, stigmatization, and discrimination by institutions and members of the public. More income provides people with opportunities and, sometimes, capabilities to consume more and thus satisfy more of their preferences, meet their desires and obtain more of what they want and need (Harsanyi, 1997; Sen, 1999; Nussbaum, 2008). These are all reasons to assume that higher income will bring greater happiness—or, at least, that low income will bring low happiness.

8. Economic growth refers to the increase in the monetary or output growth of a nation in a particular period. it takes place when there’s a sustained (on going for atleast 1-2years) increase in a country’s output of goods and services.

WHILE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT refers to the overall development of the quality of life in a nation which includes economic growth. it occurs when the standard of living of large majority of the population rises, including both income and other dimensions like health and literacy.

As a country (Nigeria) we are still in economic growth, we have necessarily experience economic development

Name: Ubazoro Chukwuemeka George
Reg no: 2019/251195
Department : Economics

1)Professor Dudley Sears argued that as long as outcomes are positive like poverty being reduced, inequality and unemployment reduced, economic development has occurred. He believed that true development occurs with a positive change In the outcome of some important economic variables like poverty, inequality and unemployment.
2) When there is only a rise in output, only economic growth occurs. But, when there is changes in composition of output, poverty is reduced or eliminated, unemployment is reduced to a barest minimum. Economic development has occurred , since the removal of all these negative factors with a rise In output leads to development.
3) Yes. Development is all about the improvement in the quality of life and according to Amartya Sen, the removal of major sources of unfreedom, poverty, poor economic opportunities. And when these factors are removed, the quality of life is improved, which is development.
4) Women have a central role to play In terms of national development by being pioneers in empowering and investing in women in terms of infrastructure, education and others etc.
5) Some important Beings and Doings in capability to function:
Being able to live long: The ability to live long influences one’s capability to function.
Being well-noursished: Being well-nourished and not suffering from mal-nutrition is a big influence in the capability to function.
Being literate: Literacy is a key factor in capability to function.
6) The three core values of development are:
Sustenance: This involves the ability to meet the basic needs of life such as shelter, food, clothing etc. Developed nations have been able to provide these basic needs for it’s citizens.
Self – Esteem: This simply means being a person. It’s accepting yourself for who you are despite your imperfections and flaws while working to be a better person.
Freedom from Servitude: To be able to choose. Development occurs when there is a removal of major sources of unfreedom.

7) The scholars who argue that happiness has a direct correlation with income argue that an increase in income leads to an increase In the overall quality of life as more income gives one the ability to purchase the good things of life that brings happiness.
The other scholars who argue that happiness has no direct correlation with income insists that one’s financial state isn’t what only brings happiness. Other factors such as personal values, health and personal freedom leads to happiness.
8) Economic growth simply refers to the increase in monetary terms (income or output growth) of a nation in a specific period of time.
Economic development is a more broader concept than economic growth, it takes into account the overall development of the quality of life in a nation which includes economic growth. It takes into account the nation’s standard of living, income and other determinants like health, literacy rate, employment etc.
Nigeria as a nation is still in the economic growth stage. Though we are still in a developing stage, the overall quality of life is not yet developed.

Name: Okeke Joseph Somto
Registration Number: 2019/246498
Department: Economics

1) Development deals with the alleviation of poverty. Poverty is interrelated to other problems of underdevelopment. An increase in income and output tends to reduce the poverty rate in the economy. Development increases the number of active labor which tends to create more employment opportunities thereby eliminating unemployment. Also, attaining development in a growing economy is maximizing best, the scarce productive resources which eliminates inequality.
2) The problem of inequality is solved with development by adequately allocating productive resources. Elimination of poverty is the role of development however so development tends to solve the problem of poverty through its tools. A change in the composition of output is the various ways productive resources are combined to bring out varied or related outputs.
3) Yes I do agree. If there is room for tyranny, poor economic opportunities, systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities, development can not occur in such an environment or economy so the elimination of these ills would create room for development.
4)The role of women in developing countries, as explored throughout this module, has been recognised as the single most important factor when it comes to bringing about and sustaining long term social change. Women are farmers and food providers (contributing to agricultural output, general environmental maintenance and food security); they are business people and traders (40% of the world’s labor force are women, not including informal work in the home, on the land, in the market place etc); they are heads of households (most of whom are likely to also have a full time job, as well as caring for children, elderly or sick relatives); they are mothers, carers and support workers (more often than not, in developing countries, this is voluntary); and they are community leaders, activists and role models (stemming from their roles in society as mothers, carers and support workers).
5) A person’s capability to live a good life is defined in terms of the set of valuable ‘beings and doings’ like being in good health or having loving relationships with others to which they have real access, well-nourished, getting married, getting a good job, having basic necessities of life, being educated, and traveling, while capabilities are the real, or substantive, opportunity that they have to achieve these doings and beings.
6)Sustenance: This refers to the capacity to meet basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter. Lack of even one of these means that a person’s life is not progressive. A country develops if its citizens have enough or more than enough for their basic necessities, there is growth of income, extreme poverty is addressed, and there is equality among members of society. Self-esteem: The quality of life is good when there is respect, trust, and self-value. Each person has needs which can be achieved through the presence of respect, dignity, and a good reputation in society. A person’s worth as an individual cannot simply be measured by the ownership of material things which is often given emphasis by progressive capitalist countries such as the United States. In the Philippines, material wealth is not the only important thing but the love for one’s family, the family’s reputation, and a person’s dignity and self-esteem. A country is developed if this unique need of the people is addressed. Freedom: This freedom is drawn from liberation from oppressive systems in society, poverty and abuse, slavery, ignorance, and the absence of the freedom to choose one’s culture or religion. This freedom can be seen in the range of choices in a society. What is good about development is not only the joy of being free from poverty but also the availability of a wide range of choices. In general, freedom prevails if people live a comfortable life, if they have the freedom to choose their religion, to vote and to express their opinion about administration and governance, and if they enjoy equal opportunities for education and employment.
7) No, I do not agree that happiness has a direct correlation with more income because it’s an illusion that is only evident in the short run. One may say they are directly correlated because yes, one with more is happier than one without money but then money does not necessarily bring happiness. Even with more income, as their income increases to a point, satisfaction tends to be constant, not growing together with income any more.
8) So here we are comparing economic growth and economic development. Economic growth is the positive change in the indicators of the economy. Economic development is the quantitative and qualitative change in an economy. Economic growth refers to the increment in the amount of goods and services produced by an economy or economic development refers to the reduction and elimination of poverty, unemployment and inequality within the context of a growing economy. Economic growth means an increase in the real national income or the national output, while economic development means an improvement in the quality of life and living standards. For example, measures of literacy and life expectancy and healthcare. Economic growth refers to an increase over time in the country’s real output of goods and services so that GNP or real output per capita income. While economic development includes the process and policies by which a company improves the social economic and social well being of its people. Economic growth focuses on the production of goods and services. While economic development focuses on the distribution of resources and economic growth relates to a gradual increase in one of the components of GDP consumption, government spending and investment or net exports. While economic development relates to the growth of human capital indices and the decrease in inequality it’s concerned with basically um how people are affected. So again, I think the development basically is again how people are affected.

Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components. The purpose of development is a rise in the level and quality of life of the population, and the creation or expansion of local regional income and employment opportunities, without damaging the resources of the environment. Development is visible and useful, not necessarily immediately, and includes an aspect of quality change and the creation of conditions for a continuation of that change.

Name: Uzochukwu Chidinma Vivian
Registration Number: 2017/250786
Department: Economics

1) Inequality is the disparity in distribution of income, resources, and opportunities between various sectors in an economy. Poverty entails the lack of income or expenditure level to sustain or maintain a minimum standard of living. Development, however, sought out to eliminate poverty and inequality as there is an effective and efficient allocation of productive resources present during development which increases income. Unemployment ceases to exist as employment and job opportunities are created.
2) Development brings about a creation of income and output and an efficient allocation of productive resources whereas they are scarce which eliminates the problem of inequality and reduces poverty levels. A change in the composition of output is brought about by the combination of various productive resources.
3) No, I do not agree. Besides poor economic opportunities, tyranny, systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities, are all political and environmental problems which do not have effects on development. They are certain policies, activities and actions that bring about development in an economy.
4)Women’s formal and informal labor can transform a community from a relatively autonomous society to a participant in the national economy. Despite significant obstacles, women’s small businesses in rural developing communities not only can be an extended family’s lifeline, but can form a networked economic foundation for future generations. The role of women in the urban and rural workforce has expanded exponentially in recent decades.
5) Capabilities are the doings and beings that people can achieve if they so choose — their opportunity to do or be such things as being well-nourished, getting married, being educated, and traveling; functionings are capabilities that have been realized. Whether someone can convert a set of means – resources and public goods – into a functioning crucially depends on certain personal, sociopolitical, and environmental conditions, which, in the capability literature, are called ‘conversion factors.’ Capabilities have also been referred to as real or substantive freedoms as they denote the freedoms that have been cleared of any potential obstacles, in contrast to mere formal rights and freedoms.
6) Sustenance: this means the ability to meet the basic necessities of life which is necessary to sustain an average human being. Such basic necessities are food, shelter, good health, protection, etc. Without these basic needs, living will be impossible. When any of these is absent or in short supply, absolute underdevelopment exists. Therefore, the basic function of any society is to provide a means of overcoming the helplessness and misery arising from lack of these basic needs.
Self-esteem: this means the sense of worth and self-respect of not being used as a tool by others for their own ends. All societies seek some basic form of self-esteem which may be called identity, dignity, respect, recognition, etc. However, with the proliferation of the modernizing values of developed nations, many developing countries suffer from serious cultural confusion when they come in contact with economically and technologically advanced societies.
Freedom: this means the ability to choose. Freedom here has to do with the sense of emancipation from undesirable conditions of life such as oppressive institutions, misery, dogmatic beliefs, etc.
7) Yes, I do agree happiness has a direct correlation with more income. The happiness of people living in poverty increases when they’re given a higher income. However, there is a certain income saturation point beyond which happiness stops following the increasing income.
8)Economic growth is an economy’s capacity to produce more goods and services. It can be expressed as expanding the economy’s production possibilities, which means the economy can produce more, and its production possibilities frontier (PPF) moves upwards. The Inter-American Development Bank defines it as follows: Economic growth is the increase in product and income per person in the long term. Growth is the process by which an economy (national, regional, or world economy) becomes richer. HOWEVER, Economic development can be generically defined as sustainable growth from three points of view: social, cultural, political, and economic changes that contribute to material progress. Economic development is a sustained improvement in the material well-being of society. It is a broader concept than economic growth. It contains changes in resource supplies, the rate of capital formation, the population’s size and composition, technology, skills, and efficiency, and institutional and organizational set-up. These changes fulfill the broader objectives of ensuring more equitable income distribution, significant employment, and poverty alleviation.

1. Development is an extension of growth. Development is also faced with the well-being of the citizens not just on the output level of an economy, but covers largely. With this development is when there is total freedom to live a life of choice and opportunity for citizens exercising their seasoned agency. Furthermore, it is when an average citizen has a work doing that can Carter for all his basic needs and most of his wants. In developed countries an average citizen can cater for all his needs and some of his wants that’s for the employment side. Then in terms of treatment development entails as stated earlier freedom, so in a developed nation as a citizen you should have freedom of speech and as well taken equally as everyother person in the state or country whether wealthy, average or lowclass. For a country to be said to be experiencing development there should at least be employment for every educated Person and as well the non educated. This helps to reduce crime rates and other form of social violence.
2. Asides rise in output, There should be shift in the allocation of productive resources among staffs and workers of an organization. It shouldn’t just be in the hands of a particular set of people, since the head line here is economic development. Also should prevent or reduce poverty by working by providing free educational systems and also seminars on how to learn and improve on good skills that can fetch the money and then change people’s lives. Everyone should be treated equally and should have equal rights before people, anywhere and before the law. Not just only the Rich, every being should as well be treated like humans that’s is one of the signs of development. And also everyone should have the opportunity to be employed so far the person passes the requirements and posses the skills. Should not just be only for some set of people which is referred to as “connection”.
3. In the words of Amartyan Sen. Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom which means that there should be Total freedom and every citizens should have total freedom from all forms of restrictions, there shouldn’t and they should not have any form of barrier from freedom eg captivity (kidnapping) terrorist attack and few more to mention. As well as when there is no Abject poverty, taking it of the from the economy, by providing opportunities not just opportunities but also well getting well paid. Development entails when there is total improvement in terms of economic opportunities. Also, when there is no neglate of public facilities development occurs when all this especially the social facilities are well maintained and being secured. Having tolerance it starts from tolerating your neighborhood down to those in office. Building up this spirit of tolerating one another also contribute to development in a country or nation.
4. They play the role of mothers, caretakers in family affairs, farmers, educators, entrepreneurs, teachers, e.t.c. It is historic that women play significant roles in societal development and ensure the stability, progress, and long-term development of nations. Women also play the role of decision-makers in homes. Globally, women contribute immensely to agricultural development, comprising about 43% of the world’s agricultural labor force. In some countries, the number of women involved in the agricultural labor force increases to over 70%. Available records indicate that in Africa alone, 80% of agricultural production comes from small farmers, most of whom are rural women. It is noteworthy that agriculture is the bedrock of national development as the best approach to food security, poverty reduction, job creation, and economic stability. At home, women, notably mothers, play the role in decision-making about family meal planning and diet. Women also initiate and preserve the nutritional and healthcare programs of children at home. In addition, women are not only caring for their children at home but are also the primary caretakers of both children and elders in every country of the world. International studies indicate that women lead in finding solutions to the problems occasioned by a change of political and economic organizations in countries, thereby helping the family adjust to new realities and challenges. Indeed, women are the initiators who play important role in facilitating changes in family life. The UN Women Watch organization asserts that ” rural women play a key role in supporting their households and communities in achieving food and nutritional security, generating income, and improving rural livelihoods and overall wellbeing. As educators, the role or contribution of women to society’s transition from pre-literate to the literate period is highly significant. Basic education is key to a nation’s ability to develop and achieve sustainable policies and programs. It is evident that education helps to improve agricultural productivity, enhances the status of girls and women, stabilizes population growth rates, enhances environmental protection and, increases the standard of living. It is the mother at home who most often urges children of both genders to attend and stay in school. The role of women is at the front end of the chain of improvement, leading to the family and the community’s long term capacity.
5. Some important beings and doings in capability to function are as follows:
1.Being able to live long: when a country has undergone development and is developed. People in such nation tends to have rest of mind and since there there is social peace and other form of rest of mind. Such individuals will definitely live long.
2. Being healthy: An individual who lives in a developed nation without problems since there is steady and good economy system will have peace of mind eating what ever he or she wants and possibly fresh. Wish could help to keep such person fresh and healthy.
3. Being mobile: when you are in a nation with good state of mind (developed) you could easily move all around in a free state of mind without fear of being kidnapped or being attacked.

6. The three core values of development are as follow:
Sustenance: This is the ability for one to meet basic needs. This entails on having a job or being employed (in a developed nation) that helps everyone in that nation who is working get his or basic needs. For instance, even as low as a farmer being able to core his basic needs.
Self esteem: This talks about one not looking down on one’s self. This helps a person to be able to motivate himself and gear him into believing he also can contribute to the nation positively.
Freedom from servitude: This entails the ability of a citizen to be able to choose and not just choose, but making the right choice.
7. Yes, happiness has a direct correlation with more income. There is a saying that “Health is wealth” the more you have more income you will definitely be happy (healthy). Due to having the purchasing power at hand to get anything that makes you happy, Also money being related to happiness is also triggered when one remembers he will be free from some certain restrictions, also in some undeveloped nation makes you come out and air you own veiw on somethings. Furthermore, it makes one happy in the sense that it helps for the sensible and caring wealthy ones putting smiles in the faces of the less privilege, helping people to be happy these alone and some other things makes a person with more income very happy.
8. Economic Growth is the positive change in the indicators of economy.Economic Growth refers to the increment in amount of goods and services produced by an economy.It refers to an increase over time in a country’s real output of goods and services (GNP) or real output per capita income
While
Economic development is the quantitative and qualitative change in an economy. Economic development refers to the reduction and elimination of poverty, unemployment and inequality with the context of growing economy.Economic development includes process and policies by which a country improves the social, economic and political well-being of its people.
Nigeria as a country we only experience Economic growth. Due to there is no reduction in poverty, unemployment, and inequality. Rather the reverse is the case.

Okoro Henry Chukwuebuka
Economics department
2019/249001

Name: Amatu Jennifer Chikaodili
Registration Number: 2019/249035
Department: Economics

1) Development, however, sought out to eliminate poverty and inequality as there is an effective and efficient allocation of productive resources present during development which increases income. Unemployment ceases to exist as employment and job opportunities are created. Inequality is the disparity in distribution of income, resources, and opportunities between various sectors in an economy. Poverty entails the lack of income or expenditure level to sustain or maintain a minimum standard of living.
2) A change in the composition of output is brought about by the combination of various productive resources. Development brings about a creation of income and output and an efficient allocation of productive resources whereas they are scarce which eliminates the problem of inequality and reduces poverty levels.
3) No, I do not agree. Besides poor economic opportunities, tyranny, systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities, are all political and environmental problems which do not have effects on development. They are certain policies, activities and actions that bring about development in an economy.
4)Various researchers (Agbola 1990. 1996, Okoro 1996, Mivaniyi 1996, Ekong 2006, Mabogunje (1991) had reported on the contributions of women in agriculture, community, development and physical development. For instance, Ekong (2006) asserts that women are the keys to development and therefore crucial to the goal of sustainable development. In 1975 FAQ reported that 70% of all domestic and household chores are performed by women. This trend has not changed except that women now take on the additional burden of extra – domestic affairs. Agboola (1990) confirmed this assertion by concluding that women are the operators of the economy and may constitute a major arm of the labor force, and that Nigerian women are dynamic, industrial and resourceful. All these researchers had looked at contributions of women based on the cultural gender division of labor, when before the colonial era was restricted to farm and household activities. But the contributions of women in national development were beyond agriculture and household duties. Few works (Olurin 1996). Agboola (1996) Mabogunje (1991) assessed their contribution beyond farm and household chores (subsistence) and noted that the narrow perception of women’s duties may be attributed to the late arrival of women in the colonial system or administrative works. Mabogunje (1991) identified the eight cardinal elements of sustainable development as the affect women e.g. education, health culture, politics, economy, agriculture, enhanced environments quality and peaceful co-existence
5) Capabilities are the doings and beings that people can achieve if they so choose — their opportunity to do or be such things as being well-nourished, getting married, being educated, and traveling; functionings are capabilities that have been realized. Whether someone can convert a set of means – resources and public goods – into a functioning crucially depends on certain personal, sociopolitical, and environmental conditions, which, in the capability literature, are called ‘conversion factors.’
6) 1. Sustenance: It tries to raise people’s living standards, including improvements in food, housing, education, employment, sanitation, environmental protection, and health services. Examples- food, water and shelter.
2. Self-esteem: It tries to create conditions that can increase growth in self-esteem through improving or introducing social, political, and economic systems and institutions that promote human dignity and respect.
3. Freedom: It tries to increase people’s freedom to choose by increasing the range of available goods and services, travel, and social and political contact and by decentralizing government decision-making, to achieve greater local participation.

7) Yes, happiness has a direct correlation with more income. The happiness of people living in poverty tends to increase when they are given a higher income. However, there is a certain income saturation point beyond which happiness stops following the increasing income.
8)As per the economist Amartya Sen, economic growth is one aspect of economic development. Also, the United Nations sees it as this “Economic development focuses not only on man’s materialistic need but it focuses on overall development or rise in its living standards.” In simple terms, economic growth is one aspect of economic development. A country can calculate economic growth in a specific period, whereas economic development is an ongoing/ continuous process that focuses more and more on advancement in the lives of individuals. Economic development is more related to developing countries like India, Bangladesh, South Africa, where it measures the improvement in the HDI index. In contrast, economic growth is related to developed countries, but it can also apply its parameters to developing countries, including GDP, GNP, FDI investment, etc. Economic growth reflects the positive change in an economy. In comparison, economic development reflects the real difference in an economy. Economic growth is a quantitative factor that measures the total output or production. In contrast, economic development is the qualitative factor that emphasizes improving people’s living standards.
However, as a nation Nigeria, we are currently still in the process of economic development as there are still on going measurements of the improvement in the HDI index.

1. Reduction in poverty is the goal of any country, in other to boast market demand of commodity that variably increases a country GDP; when an economy drives stewards reducing poverty and increasing the standard of living; its populace tends to develop in terms of their income generation. In Nigeria, on average , a citizen earns less than a dollar and purchasing power of income tends to be less thereby reducing investment opportunities of the populace ; which also leads to poverty; hence for a country to move towards development it has to invest in its productivity of its citizens which means increase in per capita income ; thereby reducing the level of poverty.

2. Economic development describes all involvement that makes an economy to develop as well as when output increase in terms of poverty reduction (that is all the citizens of an economy/country are living above a dollar daily)
when these happen in relation to its sustainability, we say that the poverty level will tend to reduce and if output is equally distributed or there is elimination of inequality in terms of output, the economy will tend towards development.

3. Freedom (not employment) is the ultimate goal of economic development as well as most efficient means of realizing welfare, overcoming deprivation is central to development. Unfreedom includes hunger, famine, ignorance, an unsustainable economic life, unemployment, barriers to fulfilment by women by minority communities, premature death.

4. The role of a woman in national development is very vital for economic development,
Women are known for keeping the home first, Women also play the role of decision-makers in homes women are not only caring for their children at home but are also the primary caretakers of both children and elders in every country of the world. It is very important for the nations development and ensure the stability, progress, and long-term development of nations.

5. Being able to live long: if citizens of an economy tend to live longer, it will directly boast the productivity of the economy as there will be enough manpower needed for productive activities
Being well nourished: good nourishment (not food) is very vital for the development of an economy, if citizens has the right type of nourishment it will show in their economic development
Being well clothed: the productivity of citizens of an economy can also be affected by the clothing they have on at seasons of production. i.e. wearing of light and well covered cloth in summer than wearing of thick clothing can boast productivity
Being able to take part in the life of the community.

6. Sustenance: when one has the ability to afford basic necessities. i.e. an employed salary earner who can afford his need with his income without borrowing aver a long period of time can directly affect how the economy develops.
Self-esteem: having trust in oneself can go a long way on how productivity will be attained. i.e. when one take risks and boast investment in businesses
Economic development can be reached easily.
Freedom from servitude: To be able to choose how you live in your productivity can go a long way in determining economic development
i.e. citizens that have freedom to work where their productivity is higher.

7. Income generates happiness if it is steady enough to purchase necessities. If the income earned from output is good enough for purchase and good livelihood, it will bring happiness.
8.
Economic growth: This refers to increase in the monetary(income) growth of a nation in a particular period. It takes place when there is a sustained (ongoing for at least 1-2 years) increase in a country output of goods and services.
Economic development: It refers to the overall development of the quality of life in a nation which includes economic growth. It occurs when the standard of living of a large majority of the population rises, including both income and other dimensions like health and illiteracy.

Name: Okafor Chukwubuikem Emmanuel
Registration Number: 2019/245070
Department: Economics

1) Development is basically an economic concept that has positive connotations; it involves the application of certain economic and technical measures to utilize available resources to instigate economic growth and improve people’s quality of life. It creates employment opportunities which tends to reduce and eliminate unemployment levels. In order to create wealth and improve people’s lives. An improvement in social conditions is curbing poverty rate in the economy; an improvement in managing an area’s natural and human resources is eliminating the problem of inequality in the economy.

2) An improvement in social conditions is curbing the poverty rate in the economy. A change in the composition of output is the various ways productive resources are combined to bring out varied or related outputs. An improvement in managing an area’s natural and human resources is eliminating the problem of inequality in the economy.
3) Yes I do agree. When tyranny, poor economic opportunities, systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities exist, development tends not to thrive and for it to, there must be total removal of those problems so that development can occur in the economy.
4)In politics, women were not as docile or powerless as contemporary literature tends to portray them. The basic unit of political organization was the family, and in the common matrifocal arrangement, which allowed a woman to gain considerable authority over her children, a woman and her offspring could form a major bloc in the household. Power and privileges in a household were also based on age and gender, thereby allowing senior women to have a voice on many issues. Because the private and public arenas were intertwined, a woman’s ability to control resources and people in a household was at the same time an exercise in public power. She could use food production to gain respect. She could control her children and influence men through this power.
5) At the core of the capability approach is a normative commitment to conceptualize well-being in terms of capabilities and function. Functionings are ‘doings and beings’, that is, various states of human beings and activities that a person has achieved, such as being well-nourished, getting married, being educated, and traveling, while capabilities are the real, or substantive, opportunity that they have to achieve these doings and beings.
6)Self-esteem: The quality of life is good when there is respect, trust, and self-value. Each person has needs which can be achieved through the presence of respect, dignity, and a good reputation in society. Material wealth is not the only important thing but the love for one’s family, the family’s reputation, and a person’s dignity and self-esteem. A country is developed if this unique need of the people is addressed. Freedom: This freedom can be seen in the range of choices in a society. What is good about development is not only the joy of being free from poverty but also the availability of a wide range of choices. In general, freedom prevails if people live a comfortable life, if they have the freedom to choose their religion, to vote and to express their opinion about administration and governance, and if they enjoy equal opportunities for education and employment. Sustenance: This refers to the capacity to meet basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter. Lack of even one of these means that a person’s life is not progressive. A country develops if its citizens have enough or more than enough for their basic necessities, there is growth of income, extreme poverty is addressed, and there is equality among members of society.
7) No, I do not agree that happiness has a direct correlation with more income because it’s an illusion that is only evident in the short run. One may say they are directly correlated because yes, one with more is happier than one without money but then money does not necessarily bring happiness. Even with more income, as their income increases to a point, satisfaction tends to be constant, not growing together with income any more.
8) Economic development projects a broader view of an economy that considers an increase in the production level or output of an economy along with an improvement in the living standard of its citizens. It focuses more on socioeconomic factors than just a quantitative increase in production. Economic development is a qualitative measure that measures improvement in technology, labor reforms, rising living standards, broader institutional changes in an economy. HDI index (Human development) is an apt tool to measure the real growth in an economy. It includes the overall development regarding the standard of living GDP per capita, living conditions, government facilities, employment opportunities, the self-esteem of its people, and many other reforms/changes in the grass root of an economy. WHILE:
The quantitative measure considers the rise in the output produced in an economy/nation in a particular period in its monetary value. The key parameters of economic growth in any economy are its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and gross national product, which helps measure the actual size of an economy. It shows how much the production of goods and services has increased compared to last year quantitatively. It has many parameters to measure:
Human Resources
Natural Resource

Name:Ugwuala Faith Oluchi.
Reg.No:2019/251298
Dept:Economics
1. In his seminal paper titled The Meaning of Development published in the IDS Communication Series 44 of 1969 at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) based in the University of Sussex, England, Dudley Seers (1920–1983) painstakingly constructed the scaffolding for understanding the concept of development.

In that paper, Professor Seers – who belonged to the structuralists’ school of thought – asked three pertinent questions in relation to a country’s level of development in this manner: ‘What has been happening to poverty? What has been happening to unemployment? What has been happening to inequality?’ He then concluded that a country would be adjudged to have experienced development if all the three problems have been alleviated significantly. If one or two or all the three of these major problems are unabated, he continued, it would then be unusual to gauge the country in question as having experienced ‘development’ even in situations where per capita income has increased significantly.
2. Economic development has its own rules. Once people know the natural law of economic development, the state has its countermeasures towards economic development. First is to conform to the natural development laws of economy and bring its positive functions into play; second is to conquer its negative effects through national power. This is because the superstructure of a country stands for the total economic base of the whole society, gross productivity and gross production relations, so it has the responsibility to do so. Therefore, the country is the only force which can coordinate the macro-consumption chain (the value chain) and ensure the coordinated and scientific development of close interlinks of the consumption chain. On the other hand, we should also know that when a country cannot scientifically intervene in the natural law of economy, the consumption chain must be out of balance and economic crisis must

Simply put, economic growth is not synonymous with economic development. Dudley Seers’ critical dissection of the subject may have consequently led to his famous definition of the concept of development. Conceptualizing development as an all encompassing phenomenon, Seers defined it as the realization of the potential of human personality. In other words, development can and will only take place when an individual has realized his or her full potential. Ultimately, this all round definition provides a better understanding of the concept and how issues surrounding it should be addressed by all stakeholders including researchers and academics, technocrats, politicians and world leaders. And this may have laid the foundation for the works of famous scholars like Amartya Sen and Mahbub ul Haq who are champions of human development theory. There is, therefore, a link between Seers’ proposition and Sen’s capabilities approach, which is all about what people can do and eventually become.

3. It is not surprising that Amartya Sen’s work has received such universal acclaim, even by mainstream economists. Clearly his vision is a humane one. Yet because he remains on the safe ground of Western individualism and avoids critical analysis of major western states and institutions, his work is hardly threatening. It provides plenty of wiggle room for states and institutions that want to show ‘improvement’ in freedom, equality, life expectancy, education and capacity, and so on, without really questioning or much less changing their status quo.

There is a whole other part of the world that is not touched by Sen’s analysis of development and it is now going through one of its deepest crises. The basic developmental focus that has been with us since at least Aristotle, the development of possessive individualism where freedom is defined by security of property and the ability to trade it on markets, is extended into Sen’s conceptions of development. This individualistic world predominates today in the Washington Consensus, trade liberalization, and in agreements such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and Trade in Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). These policies aim to reinforce the impact of possessive individualism by extending the freedom of transnational corporations (TNCs) and rich investors to ‘engage in exchange and transaction’ throughout the world.

In the name of liberalization, communities are broken down and they lose capacity and capability. Even those few of their members who manage to gain more education and skills or accumulate some capital through micro-financing find themselves constrained by the way that the market limits where they can sell their labor, to whom, for what price, and in how it is used. Meanwhile, speculators on the futures market use their greatly expanded rights of the past two decades to ‘engage in exchange and transaction’ in a way that has caused sharp increases in the price of food staples like lentils, wheat and rice, and severe housing instability. Countries such as India that try to regulate such speculation are subject to sanctions as the International Financial Institutions liberalize financial services under GATS (see for example Vander Stichele, 2008). Privatization of water, gas, and other basic resources under the guise of freedom to ‘engage in exchange and transaction’ mean that more people than ever are vulnerable to ill-health or death through the lack of these basic necessities.
Increasingly, observers of global capitalism and privatisation conclude that we now require concepts of development that recognize and emphasize the collective rights of communities, women, and the poor to find alternative routes to ‘development as freedom’. In many places today, particularly in Latin America, there is a struggle not so much between Washington and the global South, but between emerging movements and progressive governments of different shades about whether and to what degree a livable world is really possible under the old rules of global liberalization.
4. From precolonial times to the early 21st century, the role and status of women in Nigeria have continuously evolved. However, the image of a helpless, oppressed, and marginalized group has undermined their proper study, and little recognition has been granted to the various integral functions that Nigerian women have performed throughout history.
In the precolonial period, women played a major role in social and economic activities. Division of labour was along gender lines, and women controlled such occupations as food processing, mat weaving, pottery making, and cooking. Moreover, land was communally owned, and women had access to it through their husbands or parents. Although a man was the head of the household in a patrilineal system, older women had control of the labour of younger family members.

Women were also central to trade. Among the Yoruba, they were the major figures in long-distance trade, with enormous opportunities for accumulating wealth and acquiring titles. The most successful among them rose to the prestigious chieftaincy title of iyalode, a position of great privilege and power.
In politics, women were not as docile or powerless as contemporary literature tends to portray them. The basic unit of political organization was the family, and in the common matrifocal arrangement, which allowed a woman to gain considerable authority over her children, a woman and her offspring could form a major bloc in the household. Power and privileges in a household were also based on age and gender, thereby allowing senior women to have a voice on many issues. Because the private and public arenas were intertwined, a woman’s ability to control resources and people in a household was at the same time an exercise in public power. She could use food production to gain respect. She could control her children and influence men through this power. She could evoke the power of the spirit or gods in her favour. Or she could simply withdraw and use the kitchen as her own personal domicile for interaction with her colleagues, friends, and children.
5. The capability approach is a theoretical framework that entails two normative claims: first, the claim that the freedom to achieve well-being is of primary moral importance and, second, that well-being should be understood in terms of people’s capabilities and functionings. Capabilities are the doings and beings that people can achieve if they so choose — their opportunity to do or be such things as being well-nourished, getting married, being educated, and travelling; functionings are capabilities that have been realized. Whether someone can convert a set of means – resources and public goods – into a functioning (i.e., whether she has a particular capability) crucially depends on certain personal, sociopolitical, and environmental conditions, which, in the capability literature, are called ‘conversion factors.’ Capabilities have also been referred to as real or substantive freedoms as they denote the freedoms that have been cleared of any potential obstacles, in contrast to mere formal rights and freedoms.

Within philosophy, the capability approach has been employed to the development of several conceptual and normative theories within, most prominently, development ethics, political philosophy, public health ethics, environmental ethics and climate justice, and philosophy of education. This proliferation of capability literature has led to questions concerning what kind of framework it is how its core concept would be defined how it can be further specified for particular purposes what is needed to develop the capability approach into an account of social justice how it relates to non-Western philosophies and how it can be and has been applied in practice .

6. What are the Three Core Values of Economic Development?According to Todaro, Development must, therefore, be conceived of as amulti-dimensional process involving major changes in social structures,popular attitudes and national institutions, as well as the acceleration ofeconomic growth, the reduction of inequality and the eradication of absolutepoverty.Development, in its essence, must represent the whole gamut of change bywhich an entire social system, tuned to the diverse basic needs and desiresof individuals and social groups within that system, moves away from acondition of life widely perceived as unsatisfactory, toward a situation orcondition of life as materially and spiritually “better”.According to Prof. Goulet, at least three basic components as core valuesshould serve as a conceptual basis and practical guidelines forunderstanding the “inner” meaning of development. These core values –sustenance, self-esteem, and freedom – represent common goals sought byall individuals and societies’? They relate to fundamental human needs thatfind their expression in almost all societies and cultures at all times.Sustenance:The life-sustaining basic human needs include food, shelter, health andprotection. When any one of these is absent or in critically short supply, acondition of absolute “underdevelopment” exists.Life Sustenance, i.e.,Ability to Meet Basic Needs:It is also known as “the ability to meet basic needs”.All the persons have certain basicneeds which are necessary for the survival. They consist of food, shelter, health andprotection. If any one of them is missing or in short supply in any economy it wouldrepresent the state of under-development. Therefore, the purpose of economicdevelopment and economic activity is to make the possible efforts whereby thehelplessness and misery of the people which arises due to lack of food, shelter, healthand protection could be removed. Therefore, if due to economic development the qualityof life is improved, it would really represent economic development. Therefore, if percapita income increases, absolute poverty is eliminated, greater employmentopportunities are created and income inequalities are lessened, such all wouldconstitute the , necessary though not the sufficient condition of economic development.
7. original 2010 study, conducted by Princeton University researchers, found that people’s day-to-day happiness increases with income up to about $75,000 at which point it tops out. So according to this study, someone who makes $100,000 a year is not happier on a day-to-day level than someone making $75,000. The 2010 study said this is largely because people at this income point don’t have financial stresses such as whether they’ll have enough to pay rent each month. However, while the 2010 study found that day-to-day happiness eventually tops out, it also found that general life satisfaction does not and, indeed, continues growing alongside income.

But Matthew Killingsworth, the senior fellow behind the most recent study, says that his experiments revealed that there was no dollar value at which money stopped mattering to an individual’s well-being. He came to this conclusion after collecting 1.7 million data points from more than 33,000 participants who provided in-the-moment snapshots of their feelings during daily life. He collected these snapshots via an app he created called Track Your Happiness: People recorded both evaluative and experienced well-being a few times each day, with check-in times randomized per participant. Evaluative well-being encompasses overall satisfaction with life, and experienced well-being indicates how people feel in the moment. Once he was done, he then calculated the average level of well-being for each person and analyzed its relationship to that person’s income.
He found that all forms of well-being continued rising with income, not seeing any sort of inflection point where money stops mattering. Instead, it just keeps increasing.
However, he does not think this means that people should focus only on money. His research also found that people who specifically equate money with happiness are generally less happy people. Further, people who earned more money worked longer hours and felt more pressed for time. The main takeaway he had from his data was that income is only a modest determinant of happiness.
8. Economic Growth is defined as the rise in the money value of goods and services produced by all the sectors of the economy per head during a particular period. It is a quantitative measure that shows the increase in the number of commercial transactions in an economy.
Economic growth can be expressed in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP), which helps in measuring the size of the economy. It lets us compare in absolute and percentage change, i.e. how much an economy has progressed since last year. It is an outcome of the increase in the quality and quantity of resources and advancement of technology.
Economic Development is defined as the process of increase in volume of production along with the improvement in technology, a rise in the level of living, institutional changes, etc. In short, it is the progress in the socio-economic structure of the economy.

Human Development Index (HDI) is the appropriate tool to gauge the development in the economy. Based on the development, the HDI statistics rank countries. It considers the overall development in an economy regarding the standard of living, GDP, living conditions, technological advancement, improvement in self-esteem needs, the creation of opportunities, per capita income, infrastructural and industrial development, and much more.
The fundamental differences between economic growth and development are explained in the points given below:

1.Economic growth is the positive change in the real output of the country in a particular span of time economy. Economic Development involves a rise in the level of production in an economy along with the advancement of technology, improvement in living standards, and so on.
2.Economic growth is one of the features of economic development.
3. Economic growth is an automatic process. Unlike economic development, which is the outcome of planned and result-oriented activities.
4. Economic growth enables an increase in the indicators like GDP, per capita income, etc. On the other hand, economic development enables improvement in the life expectancy rate, infant mortality rate, literacy rate, and poverty rates.
5. Economic growth can be measured when there is a positive change in the national income, whereas economic development can be seen when there is an increase in real national income.
6. Economic growth is a short-term process that takes into account the yearly growth of the economy. But if we talk about economic development it is a long-term process.
7. Economic Growth applies to developed economies to gauge the quality of life, but as it is an essential condition for development, it applies to developing countries also. In contrast, economic development applies to developing countries to measure progress.
8. Economic Growth results in quantitative changes, but economic development brings both quantitative and qualitative changes.
9. Economic growth can be measured in a particular period. As opposed to economic development is a continuous process so that it can be seen in the long run.

1.Professor Dudley Seers argues that development is about outcomes iedevelopment occurs with the reduction and elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within a growing economy. Discuss

Dudley Seers suggests that development is when a country experiences a reduction or elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment.
Before Dudley Seer propounded his theory of development, many economists believed that development is achieved when a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grows at 5% to 7% above and the increases are sustained over a long period of time. They believed that when such increases occurred, then that country has achieved development. To them, development was based mainly on material increase. Also, it was believed that economic development is achieved when there is a change in the structure of production and employment so that the share of agriculture in GDP and in employment declines, while that of manufacturing and services increases. These believe made development economists to focus more on industrialization at the expense of agriculture (Todaro & Smith, 2006). Based on the believe, many developing countries in the 1960s and 1970s experienced increased in their Gross Domestic Product but the general levels of living of the masses remained unchanged. That is, the increases in growth (GDP) do not have any direct effect on quality of life of the people.
These made many economists to reconsider what development really is and hence glamour for direct attack on widespread of poverty, increasing inequality in income distribution and rising unemployment. To them development should have a “human face”. That is, it should be something that should be seen in the lives of the people. Amongst these economists seeking for a direct approach on development was Dudley Seer, a British Economist who specialized in development economics. He came up with a concept that replaced the growth fetishism with a social development. According to Seer (1969), development is about the level of poverty, unemployment and inequality in a nation. To him, if these three variables have declined over a period of time, then development has occurred for the nation concerned. But if one or two of these variables have been growing worse, especially if all three have, it would be strange to call the result “development,” even if per capita income has soared Seers (1969).
Dudley Seer was a British trained in Cambridge as a development economist. He emphasized on the significance of social development in place of growth fetishism of the neoclassical approach to development. According to Seer (1969), for a nation to know they are really develop or not, they need to ask themselves three basic questions which are: What has been happening to poverty? What has been happening to unemployment? What has been happening to inequality? To Seer, if all three of these are declining, then beyond doubt, that nation is experiencing development. These mean that true development happened when poverty is reduced or eliminated, unemployment declining and the levels of inequality is reducing. Of course, reduction in these three development indicators will in no doubt increases the well been and quality of life of a nation’s citizens.
The World Bank (1991) keyed into Seer’s concepts of development when it looked at development to be advancement in the quality of life that includes increased income, good education, increased health and nutrition, reduction in poverty, hygienic environment, same opportunities, increased personal freedom and a better-off cultural life.” The above World Bank view on development mean it is a multi-dimensional process involving major changes in social structure, national institution and acceleration of economic growth. Economic development encompasses progress in providing livelihood on a sustainable basis, access to education and basic healthcare for the majority of the population (Belshaw & Livingstone, 2002).

2.Apart from a rise in output, Economic Development involves changes in composition of output, shift in the allocation of productive resources, and elimination or reduction of poverty, inequalities and unemployment. Clearly discuss the above assertion.

Economic growth is the most powerful instrument for reducing poverty and improving the quality of life in developing countries. Both cross-country research and country case studies provide overwhelming evidence that rapid and sustained growth is critical to making faster progress towards the Millennium Development Goals – and not just the first goal of halving the global proportion of people living on less than $1 a day.
Growth can generate virtuous circles of prosperity and opportunity. Strong growth and employment opportunities improve incentives for parents to invest in their children’s education by sending them to school. This may lead to the emergence of a strong and growing group of entrepreneurs, which should generate pressure for improved governance. Strong economic growth therefore advances human development, which, in turn, promotes economic growth.
But under different conditions, similar rates of growth can have very different effects on poverty, the employment prospects of the poor and broader indicators of human development. The extent to which growth reduces poverty depends on the degree to which the poor participate in the growth process and share in its proceeds. Thus, both the pace and pattern of growth matter for reducing poverty.
A successful strategy of poverty reduction must have at its core measures to promote rapid and sustained economic growth. The challenge for policy is to combine growth- promoting policies with policies that allow the poor to participate fully in the opportunities unleashed and so contribute to that growth. This includes policies to make labour markets work better, remove gender inequalities and increase financial inclusion.
Asian countries are increasingly tackling this agenda of ‘inclusive growth’. India’s most recent development plan has two main objectives: raising economic growth and making growth more inclusive, policy mirrored elsewhere in South Asia and Africa.
Future growth will need to be based on an increasingly globalised world that offers new opportunities but also new challenges. New technologies offer not only ‘catch-up’ potential but also ‘leapfrogging’ possibilities. New science offers better prospects across both productive and service sectors.
Future growth will also need to be environmentally sustainable. Improved management of water and other natural resources is required, together with movement towards low carbon technologies by both developed and developing countries. With the proper institutions, growth and environmental sustainability may be seen as complements, not substitutes.
DFID will work for inclusive growth through a number of programmes and continues to spend heavily on health and education, which have a major impact on poor people’s ability to take part in growth opportunities.

3.In the words of Amartya Sen “Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom, poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive states. Do you agree? Explain in details

I AGREE !! Development means freedom, according to Amartya Sen, perhaps the greatest development thinker of our times. Over the centuries, there have been very many theories of development. According to 1998 Nobel prize winner, Amartya Sen, freedom is both the primary objective of development, and the principal means of development. The human being is an engine of change. Sen is both the first Indian and the first Asian to win the Nobel prize for economics. In winning the Nobel prize, Sen was praised by the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences “for his contributions to welfare economics” and for restoring “an ethical dimension” to the discussion of vital economic problems. According to Sen, development is enhanced by democracy and the protection of human rights. Such rights, especially freedom of the press, speech, assembly, and so forth increase the likelihood of honest, clean, good government. He claims that “no famine has ever taken place in the history of the world in a functioning democracy”. This is because democratic governments “have to win elections and face public criticism, and have strong incentive to undertake measures to avert famines and other catastrophes”. Development is the process of expanding human freedom. It is “the enhancement of freedoms that allow people to lead lives that they have reason to live”. Hence “development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systemic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or overactivity of repressive states”. Sen argues that there are five types of interrelated freedoms, namely, political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency and security. The state has a role in supporting freedoms by providing public education, health care, social safety nets, good macroeconomic policies, productivity and protecting the environment. Freedom implies not just to do something, but the capabilities to make it happen. What people can achieve (their capabilities) is influenced by “economic opportunities, political liberties, social powers, and the enabling condition of good health, basic education, and the encouragement and cultivation of initiatives”. Sen calculates that if women in Asia and North Africa were given the same health care and attention, the world would have 100 million more women. For Sen, “capability deprivation” is a better measure of poverty than low income. While higher GDP does produce improvements in most measures of the quality of life, but there are exceptions. Some places with low GDP/capita like Sri Lanka, China and the India state of Kerala have higher life expectancies and literacy rates than richer countries like Brazil, South Africa and Namibia. And Afro-Americans have a lower life expectancy than males in China and parts of India, although their average real income is far higher.Some see freedom as a potential disturbance to political stability and development. They recommend repressive interventions of the state in stifling liberty, initiative and enterprise, and in crippling the working of the individual agency and cooperative action. Sen attacks Singapore’s Lee Kuan Yew and his theories of Asian values which are used to justify political repression. For Sen there is no such thing as Asian values in a continent with vastly disparate populations and traditions, and containing 60 per cent of the world’s population. And as Dani Rodrik said, the economic performance of authoritarian regimes is either very good or very bad – and usually very bad. Most democracies occupy the middle ground. So how did the dynamic economies of East Asia develop so rapidly? Sen highlights “social opportunities” provided by government in the form of schooling, basic health care, basic land reform, and microcredit. These economies were riding on the success of the individual entering the market. While many of these economies were not democratic, some like Korea, Taiwan, Thailand became more democratic over time. Sen has been instrumental in the thinking of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on human development, including the creation of the human development index (HDI) which is a composite index that measures the average achievement in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth; knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate and the combined gross enrolment ration for primary, secondary and tertiary schools; and a decent standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita in purchasing power parity US dollars. While the concept of human development is much broader than any single composite index can measure, the HDI offers a powerful alternative to income as a summary measure of human well-being. Sen worked closely with the UNDP on its Human Development Report 2004, “Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World”. This report argues that an essential element of human development is cultural freedom, namely the freedom to choose one’s identity and to exercise that choice without facing discrimination or disadvantage. Cultural freedoms should be embraced as basic human rights and as necessities for the development of the increasingly diverse societies of the 21st century. All people should have the right to maintain their ethnic, linguistic, and religious identities. The adoption of policies that recognize and protect these identities is the only sustainable approach to development in diverse societies. Economic globalization cannot succeed unless cultural freedoms are also respected and protected, and the xenophobic resistance to cultural diversity should be addressed and overcome.Very few people would quibble with what Sen has to say. In fact, many observers find his views somewhat trite. But the real challenge is how to transform a state that does not accord freedom to its citizens into state that does so. Sen has very little advice for us here. Moreover, freedom deficits still exist in so-called developed countries, and the situation may be moving backwards. Political freedoms are compromised by vested interest politics in the US, and oligarchic powers in Japan and much of Europe. Protectionism of large enterprises, especially in Europe and Japan, limit the economic freedom of small and medium size enterprises. Social opportunities are constrained in most countries as the rich have much better access than the poor to health and education services. Sen does us all a good service in raising the issue of cultural freedoms. The more these issues are discussed the better. But progress will require massive changes in attitudes. More fundamentally, Sen does not address the issue of how individual freedoms should be nested into society, where we all have to forego some freedom in order to live together peacefully.
4.Critically discuss the Central Role of Women in the National Development

Women are the set of human beings that belongs to the female gender. They play the role of mothers, caretakers in family affairs, farmers, educators, entrepreneurs, teachers, e.t.c. It is historic that women play significant roles in societal development and ensure the stability, progress, and long-term development of nations. Women also play the role of decision-makers in homes. Globally, women contribute immensely to agricultural development, comprising about 43% of the world’s agricultural labor force. In some countries, the number of women involved in the agricultural labor force increases to over 70%. Available records indicate that in Africa alone, 80% of agricultural production comes from small farmers, most of whom are rural women. It is noteworthy that agriculture is the bedrock of national development as the best approach to food security, poverty reduction, job creation, and economic stability. At home, women, notably mothers, play the role in decision-making about family meal planning and diet. Women also initiate and preserve the nutritional and healthcare programs of children at home. In addition, women are not only caring for their children at home but are also the primary caretakers of both children and elders in every country of the world. International studies indicate that women lead in finding solutions to the problems occasioned by a change of political and economic organizations in countries, thereby helping the family adjust to new realities and challenges. Indeed, women are the initiators who play important role in facilitating changes in family life. The UN Women Watch organization asserts that ” rural women play a key role in supporting their households and communities in achieving food and nutritional security, generating income, and improving rural livelihoods and overall wellbeing. As educators, the role or contribution of women to society’s transition from pre-literate to the literate period is highly significant. Basic education is key to a nation’s ability to develop and achieve sustainable policies and programs. It is evident that education helps to improve agricultural productivity, enhances the status of girls and women, stabilizes population growth rates, enhances environmental protection and, increases the standard of living. It is the mother at home who most often urges children of both genders to attend and stay in school. The role of women is at the front end of the chain of improvement, leading to the family and the community’s long term capacity. The role of women in providing an improved and sustainable workforce is also significant and exciting. The women’s share of the global workforce is about 45.5%. Women’s formal and informal labor can transform a community from a relatively autonomous society to a participant in the national economy. It is obvious that despite the cultural, social, and political setbacks of women, small businesses controlled by women in rural communities are not only extending beyond family lifelines but can also form a networked economic foundation for future generations. The role of women in the urban and rural workforce has expanded greatly in recent times. The theme for International Women’s Day 2019 “Think Equal, Build Smart, Innovate for Change”, was chosen to identify innovative ways to advance gender equality and the empowerment of women, accelerating the 2030 agenda, which is ” Building Momentum for the Effective Implementation of the New U.N Sustainable Development Goals. Although women are still lagging behind men worldwide, the historic and current role of women is indisputable. Michelle Bachelet, the Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of UN Women notes that “when women are empowered and can claim their rights and have access to land, leadership, opportunities and choices, economic growth, food security are enhanced and developmental prospects are improved for current and future generations. The role of women as volunteers in local and international organizations for development has global collective recognition. The global Volunteers Community Development work in host countries worldwide strengthens women’s and children’s capacity and supports their sustained health and development. Under the development and direction of local leaders, women volunteers help ensure academic accessibility, foster parental involvement, offer psycho-social support, provide nutrition and health education, fund girls’ scholarships, construct schools and educate children and women through programmed extension works. Some of the notable women achievers in the world include Jane Austen(1775-1817); Anne Frank(1929-1945); Maya Angelou(1928-2014); Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603); Catherine the Great(1729-1796); Rosa Parks(1913-2005)and; Malala Yousafzai(1997 to date).
5.Clearly discuss some Important “Beings” and “Doings” in Capability to Function

The capability approach claims that freedom to achieve well-being is a matter of what people can do and be. And therefore, the kind of life they can effectively lead. As Sen argues, people’s commodities or wealth or their mental reactions (utility) are an inappropriate angle because they provide limited or indirect information about how life is going. Sen illustrates his point with the example of a standard bicycle.
This has the characteristics of “transportation”, but whether it will actually provide transportation will depend on the characteristics of those trying to use it. It could be considered a generally useful tool for most people to extend their mobility. Even if that person by some quirk, finds the bicycle charming, we should be able to notice within our assessment system that it still lacks transportation. This mental reaction also does not show that the same person would not appreciate transportation if it were actually available to them.
The Capability Approach attempts to address various concerns that Sen had about contemporary approaches to the evaluation of well-being, namely:
(1) Individuals can differ greatly in their abilities to convert the same resources into valuable functionings (‘beings’ and ‘doings’). For example, those with physical disabilities may need specific goods to achieve mobility, and pregnant women have specific nutritional requirements to achieve good health. Therefore, evaluation that focuses only on means, without considering what particular people can do with them, is insufficient.
(2) People can internalize the harshness of their circumstances so that they do not desire what they can never expect to achieve. This is the phenomenon of ‘adaptive preferences’ in which people who are objectively very sick may, for example, still declare, and believe, that their health is fine. Therefore, evaluation that focuses only on subjective mental metrics is insufficient without considering whether that matches with what a neutral observer would perceive as their objective circumstances,.
(3) Whether or not people take up the options they have, the fact that they do have valuable options is significant. For example, even if the nutritional state of people who are fasting and starving is the same, the fact that fasting is a choice not to eat should be recognized. Therefore evaluation must be sensitive to both actual achievements (‘functionings’) and effective freedom (‘capability’).
(4) Reality is complicated and evaluation should reflect that complexity rather than take a short-cut by excluding all sorts of information from consideration in advance. For example, although it may seem obvious that happiness matters for the evaluation of how well people are doing, it is not all obvious that it should be the only aspect that ever matters and so nothing else should be considered. Therefore, evaluation of how well people are doing must seek to be as open-minded as possible. (Note: This leads to the deliberate ‘under-theorization’ of the Capability Approach that has been the source of some criticism, and it motivated the development of Nussbaum’s alternative Capability Theory.)
Functionings and Capability
When evaluating well-being, Sen argues, the most important thing is to consider what people are actually able to be and do. The commodities or wealth people have or their mental reactions (utility) are an inappropriate focus because they provide only limited or indirect information about how well a life is going. Sen illustrates his point with the example of a standard bicycle. This has the characteristics of ‘transportation’ but whether it will actually provide transportation will depend on the characteristics of those who try to use it. It might be considered a generally useful tool for most people to extend their mobility, but it obviously will not do that for a person without legs. Even if that person, by some quirk, finds the bicycle delightful, we should nevertheless be able to note within our evaluative system that she still lacks transportation. Nor does this mental reaction show that the same person would not appreciate transportation if it were really available to her.
The Capability Approach focuses directly on the quality of life that individuals are actually able to achieve. This quality of life is analyzed in terms of the core concepts of ‘functionings’ and ‘capability’.
Functionings are states of ‘being and doing’  such as being well-nourished, having shelter. They should be distinguished from the commodities employed to achieve them (as ‘bicycling’ is distinguishable from ‘possessing a bike’).
Capability refers to the set of valuable functionings that a person has effective access to. Thus, a person’s capability represents the effective freedom of an individual to choose between different functioning combinations – between different kinds of life – that she has reason to value. (In later work, Sen refers to ‘capabilities’ in the plural (or even ‘freedoms’) instead of a single capability set, and this is also common in the wider capability literature. This allows analysis to focus on sets of functionings related to particular aspects of life, for example, the capabilities of literacy, health, or political freedom.)

6.The three core values of development are : SUSTENANCE, SELF ESTEEN AND FREEDOM.
Sustenance
Sustenance refers to the basic needs of a human being without which survival would not be possible. These needs include food, shelter, security and good health. Shortage of any of these necessities implies a situation of severe underdevelopment of the economy. Development, therefore, must lead to the reduction of these shortages and fulfil these basic needs of the population. The benefits of growth must be accompanied by a reduction in this absolute poverty situation. As a result, improvement in the quality of overall life in an economy is bound to occur.
Self-esteem
Every individual is entitled to a sense of self-worth or self-respect. Although the nature of self-esteem may change with society or the economy, the basic idea remains the same. All people have the right to a life of dignity and honour. Respect, however, is often attached to wealth and the underdevelopment of an economy can be a burden on people’s self-esteem. Hence to promote self-worth, development must be spread across the whole economy and not just certain sections within it.
Freedom
Freedom refers to not just freedom from servitude, but also from discrimination, oppressive beliefs and practices. Equal opportunity and freedom in every aspect of the social, legal, cultural and political situation are necessary for every individual. Everyone must be free to choose and have control over their own life and actions. Growth without freedom has been observed in many nations, which defeats the purpose of development.
7.Some scholars have argued that happiness has a direct correlation with more income while others disagree with the assertion.

I agree that happiness has a direct correlation with more income .
Money is a fundamental part of human life that is consistent throughout the world, and wealth is correlated to many positive outcomes in life. It has been observed that typically, people with higher incomes have better physical and mental health, have greater longevity, and experience fewer stressful life events; the children of the well-to- do are less likely to drop out of school or become pregnant as teens (Diener and Biswas-Diener, 2001). Also, richer people score higher in characteristics such as interpersonal trust. In addition, financial problems are a strong predictor of DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) depression (Diner and Biswas-Diener, 2001). Diener points out that correlations, “. . o f higher incomes are not confined entirely to the benefits of-not being poor; the richest group, for example, has better health than the second highest income category. Given the multiplicity of positive variables that covary with income, we should not be surprised fi wealthier people are substantially happier than others,” (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2001). Diener discusses four replicable findings’ regarding the correlation between income and subjective well-being (SWB); these correlations suggest that the connection between income and happiness may be more complex than a simple correlation.
1. There are large correlations between the wealth ofnations andthe mean reports of SWB in them.
2. There are mostly small correlations between income and SWB within nations, although these correlations appear to be larger in poor nations, and the risk ofunhappiness is
much higherforpoorpeople.
3. Economic growth in the last decades in most economicallydeveloped societies has been accompaniedby little rise in SWB, and increases in individual income lead to variable outcomes.
4. People whoprize material goals more than other values tend to be substantially less happy, unless theyarerich. In addition, it appears high SWB might increase people’s chances for high income. (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2001).
Moligner makes the point that work [earning money] is necessary; it is needed to pay the bills and it contributes to one’s self-esteem and sense of productivity (Moligner,
2010). In a survey of a sample of 127 American university students, Mogilner found that “happiness” was the most frequently cited emotion regarding their feelings related to money. She comments that this result, “reflects the common assumption that money is critical for pursuit of the American Dream and individuals inalienable right ot be happy,”(Moligner, 2010). However, author and professor of psychology and management at Claremont Graduate University Mihaly Csikszentmihaly noted: About 30 percent of the people surveyed in the United States since 1956 say that their life is very happy…that hasn’t changed at all. Whereas the personal income, on a scale that has been held constant to accommodate for inflation, has more than doubled, almost tripled in that period. But you find essentially the same results, namely, that after a certain basic point-which corresponds more or less to just a few1,000 dollars above the minimum poverty level-increases in material well-being don’t seem to affect how happy people are. And, in fact, you can find that the lack of basic resources, material resources, contributes to unhappiness, but the increase in material resources don’t increase happiness. (Csikszentmihaly 2004). This is in opposition to Moligner’s supported assumption (* …money is critical for pursuit of the American Dream…”). Both positions acknowledge that psychologists have identified a weak correlation between money and happiness. However, these results suggest that happiness and unhappiness are independent constructs rather than two endsof a continuum, or that money is not on a simple continuum. After research, Moligner said, “Implicitly activating the construct of time motivates individuals to spend more time with friends and family and less time working behaviors that are associated with greater happiness. In contrast, implicitly activating money motivates individuals to work more and socialize less, which (although productive) does not increase happiness, “(Moligner, 2010). Moligner makes a case that the amount of time spent doing something is the measure of their preferences, that attaining happiness and attaining money are two very different motivators. In a different report on scaling happiness, researchers considered two cases of happiness with their income and found that the result was relative to the environment that each of the subjects was in. One earns $15,000 a year and lives in a place where most others earn only $10,000 a year, while the other subject earns $25,000 a year and lives in a place where most others earn $30,000 a year. When the two were asked to report their happiness with their income on the 7-point scale where 1 is very unhappy and 7 is very happy, the $15,000 earner reported greater happiness than the $25,000 earner. This phenomenon is referred to as an outcome- happiness reversal. (Hsee & Tang, 2007). This phenomenon reflects a specific social comparison, and strongly implies that income is a relative variable. With a unique perspective, Iris Mauss, author of The Pursuit of Happiness Can Be Lonely, thinks that valuing happiness could have some negative consequences/side effects. She supports, Striving for personal gains can damage connections with others and because happiness is usually defined in terms of personal positive feelings (a personal gain) in western contexts, striving for happiness might damage people’s connections with others and make them lonely… findings suggest that wanting to be happy can make people lonely, ” (Mauss, 2011). Mauss has a clearly different idea of what happiness means than Moligner. In another article, Mauss stated, “we argue that this [valuing happiness wil have beneficial outcomes] may not always be the case. Instead, valuing happiness could be self-defeating, because the more people value happiness, the more likely they wil feel disappointed.” She continues with an example, “The person who highly values academic achievement and wants to achieve high grades is bound to be disappointed at times when he falls-short of his high standards,” (Mauss, Tamir, Anderson, and Savino, 2011). There is evidence that happiness and financial security are not consistently correlated in working adult populations. As Csikszentmihaly suggested, poverty may be linked to unhappiness, and adequate financial resources may be linked to happiness; however, more than adequate financial resources do not continue to an indefinite increase in happiness. Unlike the working adult populations, there is little to no research regarding happiness in college students and their financial security now-and in the future. This paper sought a correlation between finances and happiness in college students by using a demographic questionnaire as well as a psychologically renowned happiness inventory, and statistically analyzing the results.
8.Distinguish  between Economic Growth and Economic Development and tell us where we are currently as a nation in terms of growth and development.

Economic Growth refers to the rise in the value of everything produced in the economy. It implies the yearly increase in the country’s GDP or GNP, in percentage terms. It alludes to a considerable rise in the per-capita national product, over a period, i.e. the growth rate of increase in total output, must be greater than the population growth rate. It can also be defined as the rise in the money value of goods and services produced by all the sectors of the economy per head during a particular period. It is a quantitative measure that shows the increase in the number of commercial transactions in an economy. Economic growth can be expressed in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national product (GNP), which helps in measuring the size of the economy. It lets us compare in absolute and percentage change, i.e. how much an economy has progressed since last year. It is an outcome of the increase in the quality and quantity of resources and advancement of technology.
Definition of Economic Development
Economic Development is defined as the process of increase in volume of production along with the improvement in technology, a rise in the level of living, institutional changes, etc. In short, it is the progress in the socio-economic structure of the economy.
Human Development Index (HDI) is the appropriate tool to gauge the development in the economy. Based on the development, the HDI statistics rank countries. It considers the overall development in an economy regarding the standard of living, GDP, living conditions, technological advancement, improvement in self-esteem needs, the creation of opportunities, per capita income, infrastructural and industrial development, and much more.
Key Differences Between Economic Growth and Economic Development
The fundamental differences between economic growth and development are explained in the points given below:
1.Economic growth is the positive change in the real output of the country in a particular span of time economy. Economic Development involves a rise in the level of production in an economy along with the advancement of technology, improvement in living standards, and so on.
2.Economic growth is one of the features of economic development.
3.Economic growth is an automatic process. Unlike economic development, which is the outcome of planned and result-oriented activities.
4.Economic growth enables an increase in the indicators like GDP, per capita income, etc. On the other hand, economic development enables improvement in the life expectancy rate, infant mortality rate, literacy rate, and poverty rates.
5.Economic growth can be measured when there is a positive change in the national income, whereas economic development can be seen when there is an increase in real national income.
6.Economic growth is a short-term process that takes into account the yearly growth of the economy. But if we talk about economic development it is a long-term process.
7.Economic Growth applies to developed economies to gauge the quality of life, but as it is an essential condition for development, it applies to developing countries also. In contrast, economic development applies to developing countries to measure progress.
8.Economic Growth results in quantitative changes, but economic development brings both quantitative and qualitative changes.
9.Economic growth can be measured in a particular period. As opposed to economic development is a continuous process so that it can be seen in the long run.
Nigeria as a matter of fact is still a developing country.

REFERENCES :
http://www.ijrrjournal.com
https://www.oecd.org/derec/unitedkingdom/40700982.pdf
https://www.asiancenturyinstitute.com/development/333-amartya-sen-on-developmentas-freedom
https://seahipaj.org/journals-ci/june-2019/IJIPSD/full/IJIPSD-J-18-2019.pdf
https://iep.utm.edu/sen-cap/
https://spureconomics.com/three-core-values-of-development/
https://www.bemidjistate.edu/academics/honors/wp-content/uploads/sites/73/2017/03/Does-Money-Correlate-with-Happiness-Vincent-Amanda.pdf
https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-economic-growth-and-economic-development.html

1: PROFESSOR DUDLEY SEERS ARGUES THAT DEVELOPMENT IS ABOUT OUTCOMES IE DEVELOPMENT OCCURS WITH THE REDUCTION AND ELIMINATION OF POVERTY, INEQUALITY AND UNEMPLOYMENT WITHIN A GROWING COUNTRY.
Dudley Seers says that development is the realisation of the potential of human personality through a reduction in poverty, unemployment and inequality. He argues that without these three aspects, even if national wealth increases development has not taken place. In line with the above Dudley Seers (1969) says “If we ask what an absolute necessity for this is, one answer is obvious enough food. which is inhibiting development even after the Sixth National Development Plan stated that it will eradicate poverty this has not yet come into play goodbecause there has been little or no development in r
Dudley Seers also says another aspect is Unemployment. He says that a personality of a person cannot develop without Job. In that a person will be dependent on someone else to get their basic needs and this causes someone not to use their full potential as a human being. For example in Zambia there are a lot of institutions in which youths graduate from with good grades but after this they cannot find proper jobs in which they can get a income.
The third element which Dudley Seers has talked about is Inequality. In Zambia for example inequality is one of the huge main factorsural areas while urban areas there is building of new malls such as the new mall being built in the UNZA ground. In rural areas the clinics and shops are very far from where they live hence making it very difficult for the sick people to get to the clinics in time that is why there is a high death rate in the rural areas.

2. APART FROM A RISE IN OUTPUT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INVOLVES CHANGES IN COMPOSITION OF OUTPUT SHIFT IN THE ALLOCATION OF PRODUCTIVE RESOURCES AND ELIMINATION OR REDUCTION OF POVERTY, INEQUALITIES AND UNEMPLOYMENT,CLEARLY DISCUSS THE ABOVE ASSERTION.
It involves changes in the composition of output as well as more just distribution of output , income and wealth among the members of society.Growth and DevelopmentEconomic development is development is economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitantsEconomic growth and development are two different terms used in economic.Generally speaking Economic Development refers to the problems of Undeveloped countries and Economic Growth to those of Development countries.The terms Economic Development is for more comprehensive. It implies progressive changes in the socio-economic structure of a country.Viewed in this way Economic Development involves a study of decline in the share of Agriculture in GDP and corresponding increase in shares of industries , trade , banking , construction and other services.Economic Growth merely refers to rise in output ; Development implies change in technological and institutional organization of production as well as in distributive pattern of income.Compared to the objective of Development , Economic growth is easy to realise.
By larger mobilisation of resources and raising their productivity , output level can be raised.The process of Development is far more extensive. Apart from arise in output it involves changes in composition of output , shift in the allocation of productive resources , and elimination or reduction of poverty , inequalities and unemployment.Economic development is not possible without growth but growth is possible without development because growth is just increase in GNP. It does not have any other parameters to it.

3: IN THE WORDS OF AMARTYA SEN DEVELOPMENT REQUIRES THE REMOVAL OF MAJOR SOURCES OF UNFREEDOM, POVERTY AS WELL AS SYSTEMATIC SOCIAL DEPRIVATION NEGLECT OF PUBLIC FACILITIES AS WELL AS INTOLERANCE OR OVER ACTIVITY OF REPRESSIVE STATES DO YOU AGREE? EXPLAIN IN DETAILS
YES
. Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, pooreconomic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well asintolerance or overactivity of repressive states. Despite unprecedented increases in overall opulence, the contemporary world denies elementary freedoms to vast numbers – perhaps even the majority – of people. Sometimes the lack of substantive freedoms relates directly to economic poverty, which robs people of the freedom to satisfy hunger or to achieve sufficient nutrition, or to obtain remedies for treatable illnesses, orthe opportunity to be adequately clothed, or sheltered, or to enjoy clean water or sanitary facilities. Inother cases, the unfreedom links closely to the lack of public facilities and social care, such as the absenceof epidemiological programs, or of organized arrangements for health care or educational facilities, or ofeffective institutions for the maintenance of local peace and order. In still other cases, the violation offreedom results directly from a denial of political and civil liberties by authoritarian regimes and fromimposed restrictions on the freedom to participate in the social, political and economic life of the community.

4: CRITICALLY DISCUSS THE CENTRAL ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Certainly, a nation comprises of both men and women: in principle, both of the sexes are responsible for the prosperity and development of the state and nation. Unfortunately, in the third world countries women are considered incapable to support the national cause. Some may favour the stance with logic but others have their own philosophy.
Women education is also an important aspect. Those who believe that women ought to have a role to play in national development and progress cite the examples of modern Europe that was once poor and hungry but all their glory has resulted as a consequence of the toil put together by the two sexes. The others suggest that women are neither inferior nor equal to men. According to their philosophy, women should be employed in the fields where they are needed and there ought to be no display of women as an instrument.
Though the working of women has yielded much fruit for the Western world, yet they are facing numerous problems in this regard. They had to sacrifice their family life to a certain extent. The mixing of the two sexes brought into existence the unbearable sexual harassment. Fatherless children are found here and there in those developed societies. As a result, the moral and religious values are dying very quickly.
This has been a fact that we require women doctors, scientists, nurses, advocates, policemen, judges, legislators etc. to support our national cause. They have got to come out and take their due share. We can not deny them this right because our religion does not prohibit any woman from working. All over the world women have been running different industries and this is to be done by our women.

5: CLEARLY DISCUSS SOME IMPORTANT “BEINGS” AND DOINGS” IN CAPABILITILY TO FUNCTION
1. Life. Being able to live to the end of a human life of normal length; not dying prematurely, or before one’s life is so reduced as to be not worth living.

2. Bodily Health. Being able to have good health, including reproductive health; to be adequately nourished; to have adequate shelter.
3. Bodily Integrity. Being able to move freely from place to place; to be secure against violent assault, including sexual assault and domestic violence; having opportunities for sexual satisfaction and for choice in matters of reproduction.

4. Senses, Imagination, and Thought. Being able to use the senses, to imagine, think, and reason – and to do these things in a ‘‘truly human’’ way, a way informed and cultivated by an adequate education, including, but by no means limited to, literacy and basic mathematical and scientific training. Being able to use imagination and thought in connection with experiencing and producing works and events of one’s own choice, religious, literary, musical, and so forth. Being able to use one’s mind in ways protected by guarantees of freedom of expression with respect to both political and artistic speech, and freedom of religious exercise. Being able to have pleasurable experiences and to avoid non-beneficial pain.

5. Emotions. Being able to have attachments to things and people outside ourselves; to love those who love and care for us, to grieve at their absence; in general, to love, to grieve, to experience longing, gratitude, and justified anger. Not having one’s emotional development blighted by fear and anxiety. (Supporting this capability means supporting forms of human association that can be shown to be crucial in their development.)

6. Practical Reason. Being able to form a conception of the good and to engage in critical reflection about the planning of one’s life. (This entails protection for the liberty of conscience and religious observance.)

7. Affiliation.
A. Being able to live with and toward others, to recognize and show concern for other human beings, to engage in various forms of social interaction; to be able to imagine the situation of another. (Protecting this capability means protecting institutions that constitute and nourish such forms of affiliation, and also protecting the freedom of assembly and political speech.)

B. Having the social bases of self-respect and nonhumiliation; being able to be treated as a dignified being whose worth is equal to that of others. This entails provisions of nondiscrimination on the basis of race, sex, sexual orientation, ethnicity, caste, religion, national origin.

8. Other Species. Being able to live with concern for and in relation to animals, plants, and the world of nature.

9. Play. Being able to laugh, to play, to enjoy recreational activities.

6: DISCUSS THE CORE VALUES OF DEVELOPMENT WITH RELEVANT EXAMPLES
According to Prof. Goulet, at least three basic components as core values should serve as a conceptual basis and practical guidelines for understanding the “inner” meaning of development. These core values – sustenance, self-esteem, and freedom – represent common goals sought by all individuals and societies’? They relate to fundamental human needs that find their expression in almost all societies and cultures at all times.
Three core values serve as standards of development.

A: Sustenance. This refers to the capacity to meet basic necessities such as food, clothing, and shelter. Lack of even one of these means that a person’s life is not progressive. A country develops if its citizens have enough or more than enough for their basic necessities, there is growth of income, extreme poverty is addressed, and there is equality among members of society.

B: Self-esteem. The quality of life is good when there is respect, trust, and self-value. Each person has needs which can be achieved through the presence of respect, dignity, and a good reputation in society. A person’s worth as an individual cannot simply be measured by the ownership of material things which is often given emphasis by progressive capitalist countries such as the United States. In the Philippines, material wealth is not the only important thing but the love for one’s family, the family’s reputation, and a person’s dignity and self-esteem. A country is developed if this unique need of the people is addressed.

C: Freedom from Servitude. This freedom is drawn from liberation from oppressive systems in society, poverty and abuse, slavery, ignorance, and the absence of the freedom to choose one’s culture or religion. This freedom can be seen in the range of choices in a society. What is good about development is not only the joy of being free from poverty but also the availability of a wide range of choices. In general, freedom prevails if people live a comfortable life, if they have the freedom to choose their religion, to vote and to express their opinion about administration and governance, and if they enjoy equal opportunities for education and employment.

7: SOME SCHOLARS HAVE ARGUED THAT HAPPINESS HAS A DIRECT CORRELATION WITH MORE INCOME WHILE OTHERS DISAGREE WITH ASSERTION
People who believe that the secret to a happy life is dependent directly on the monetary aspects are partially correct. Economic growth is an essential part of the kind of life one wants to live. They want to acquire materialistic goods and services, which without having good economic growth isn’t possible. For instance, a person who has an impressive net worth would always want more and more assets in their life. Another person having an attractive salary can live a life they have dreamt of. People work hard to achieve more, and in today’s time, the achievement is only measured by how many financial resources one attains. People are often judged by the Vehicle they drive, Branded clothes they wear, and this makes them recognizable in society.
On the other hand, Few others believe happiness is not merely restricted to economic growth but also to various other factors. Likewise, People who are social helpers may not earn a handsome salary and may not enjoy the perks of a good life. But for them, happiness is dependent upon the amount of help they can provide to society. They are constantly working and are driven by the causes society faces. Few others also believe in spending time with their loved ones. This makes them happy. Every
To sum up, Living a balanced life where you are driven to earn more and also determined to provide someone help is a good way to live. Family plays an important part in life; in the race of achievements, we often ignore our elderly who, after retirement, is dependent on us and want some kind of attention from us. We should not ignore them for the sacrifices they have made for our demands. Making others happy brings more happiness and joy.

8: DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND TELL US WHERE WE ARE CURRENTLY AS A NATION IN TERMS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1: Economic Growth is the positive change in the indicators of economy.
Economic development is the quantitative and qualitative change in an economy

2: Economic Growth refers to the increment in amount of goods and services produced by an economy.
Economic development refers to the reduction and elimination of poverty, unemployment and inequality with the context of growing economy.

3: Economic growth refers to an increase over time in a country’s real output of goods and services (GNP) or real output per capita income
Economic development includes process and policies by which a country improves the social, economic and political well-being of its people.

4: Economic growth focuses on production of goods and services.
Economic development focuses on distribution of resources.

5: Economic growth relates a gradual increase in one of the components of GDP; consumption, government spending, investment or net exports.
Economic development relates to growth of human capital indexes and decrease in inequality.

6: Economic growth is single dimensional in nature as it only focuses on income of the people.
Economic development is multi-dimensional in nature as it focuses on both income and improvement of living standards of the people.

7: Economic Growth is the precursor and prerequisite for economic development. It is the subset of economic development.
Economic development comes after economic growth. It is a positive impact of economic growth.

WHERE WE ARE CURRENTLY AS A NATION IN TERMS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.
Given Nigerians economic structure, population and rate of economic expansion, most people have blamed Nigerians low growth and development on a high population that is large and not very productive. Other has opined that the little growth the country has attained is a direct consequence of a large population.

NAME: OJOMAH FAVOUR ONYEKACHUKWU
REG NUMBER: 2019/244245
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
EMAIL: Ojomahfavour2@gmail.com

1. Professor Dudley Seers argues that development is about outcomes i.e development occurs with the reduction and elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within a growing economy. Discuss
Dudley Seer, a British Economist who specialized in development economics. He came up with a concept that replaced the growth fetishism with a social development. According to Seer (1969), development is about the level of poverty, unemployment and inequality in a nation. To him, if these three variables have declined over a period of time, then development has occurred for the nation concerning. But if one or two of these variables have been growing worse, especially if all three have, it would be strange to call the result “development,” even if per capita income has soared Seers (1969). These mean that true development happened when poverty is reduced or eliminated, unemployment declining and the levels of inequality is reducing. Of course, reduction in these three development indicators will in no doubt increases the well been and quality of life of a nation’s citizens.

2. Apart from a rise in output, Economic Development involves changes in composition of output, shift in the allocation of productive resources, and elimination or reduction of poverty, inequalities and unemployment. Clearly discuss the above assertion.
Policies to Tackle Inequality:- On the issue of inequality, the Nigerian government should make policies that will drastically reduce the inequalities ravaging the country. Policies that will heavily tax the rich and use such taxes to provide infrastructures to the poor such as good classrooms for schools, free feeding to encourage the poor to school, good water and health care to increase their lives expectancy, good roads, electricity etc. Government should bring policy that will make women to fully participate in politics and into political offices. The life of Nigerian women is affected by much discrimination. Majority of women are employed in casual low￾skilled, low paid jobs. For example, out of 469 lawmakers elected from the 36 States of the Nigeria Federation and the Federal capital territory, only18 are women; 7 in the Senate and 11 in the House of representatives. This low number indicates a worrisome status of women participation in politics. Policy to balance or increase the rate of women participation should be made.
Policies to Tackle Unemployment:- The Nigeria government should bring policies to tackle unemployment in the country. When a larger population of a country are employed , it increases the aggregate consumption and investment. Therefore, the government should bring out policies that will engage the youth in entrepreneurship activities. Government should provide platforms that could create jobs such as industries to assist the citizens.
3. In the words of Amartya Sen “Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom, poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive states. Do you agree? Explain in details
It means that for development to take place poverty must be eradicated in a nation, employment opportunity must be made available to citizens and non citizen.
The United Nations – UN (1995) defined poverty in absolute and relative term. They examined absolute poverty as a state made up by serious denial of basic human needs including food, shelter, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, education and information. To them, absolute poverty does not depend only on income but also on access to life. Relative poverty was defined by the UN in terms of minimum acceptable standard of living within a society in which a particular person lives. The UN (2010) adopted a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), to measure poverty using three key dimensions and 10 indicators. The key dimensions are: living standard, education and health, which are: nutrition, child mortality, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing and asset. The cut off for poverty

4. Critically discuss the Central Role of Women in the National Development
As educators, the role or contribution of women to society’s transition from pre-literate to the literate period is highly significant. Basic education is key to a nation’s ability to develop and achieve sustainable policies and programs. It is evident that education helps to improve agricultural productivity, enhances the status of girls and women, stabilizes population growth rates, enhances environmental protection and, increases the standard of living. It is the mother at home who most often urges children of both genders to attend and stay in school. The role of women is at the front end of the chain of improvement, leading to the family and the community’s long term capacity.
The role of women in providing an improved and sustainable workforce is also significant and exciting. The women’s share of the global workforce is about 45.5%. Women’s formal and informal labor can transform a community from a relatively autonomous society to a participant in the national economy. It is obvious that despite the cultural, social, and political setbacks of women, small businesses controlled by women in rural communities are not only extending beyond family lifelines but can also form a networked economic foundation for future generations. The role of women in the urban and rural workforce has expanded greatly in recent times.
The theme for International Women’s Day 2019 “Think Equal, Build Smart, Innovate for Change”, was chosen to identify innovative ways to advance gender equality and the empowerment of women, accelerating the 2030 agenda, which is ” Building Momentum for the Effective Implementation of the New U.N Sustainable Development Goals.
The role of women as volunteers in local and international organizations for development has global collective recognition. The global Volunteers Community Development work in host countries worldwide strengthens women’s and children’s capacity and supports their sustained health and development. Under the development and direction of local leaders, women volunteers help ensure academic accessibility, foster parental involvement, offer psycho-social support, provide nutrition and health education, fund girls’ scholarships, construct schools and educate children and women through programmed extension works.

5. Clearly discuss some Important “Beings” and “Doings” in Capability to Function.
1. Being able to live long: Longevity may seem beyond your control, but many healthy habits may lead you to a ripe, old age. These include drinking coffee or tea, exercising, getting enough sleep, and limiting your alcohol intake. Taken together, these habits can boost your health and put you on the path to a long life.
2. Being well nourished: To be ‘Well Nourished’ is to learn how to source and transform whole foods into simple, delicious, satisfying meals to share and savour. There is simply no greater gift in life than to provide what is necessary for optimal health, vitality and well-being.
3. Being Healthy: Healthy movement may include walking, sports, dancing, yoga, running or other activities you enjoy. Eat a well-balanced, low-fat diet with lots of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Choose a diet that’s low in saturated fat and cholesterol, and moderate in sugar, salt and total fat.
4. Being literate: Being literate means having the skills to be able to read, write and speak to understand and create meaning.
5. Being well clothed:
6. Being Mobile:
7. Being able to take part in the life of the community:

6. Discuss the three Core Values of Development with relevant example
1. Sustenance: The life-sustaining basic human needs include food, shelter, health and protection. When any one of these is absent or in critically short supply, a condition of absolute “underdevelopment” exists.
2. Self-esteem: A second universal component of good life is self- esteem- a sense of worth and self-respect- of not being used as a tool by others for their own ends. Due to the significance attached to material values in developed nations, worthiness and esteem are now-a-days increasingly conferred only on countries that possess economic wealth and technological power- those that have developed.
3. Freedom from Servitude: The concept of human freedom should encompass various components of political freedom, freedom of expression, political participation and equality of opportunity.

7. Some scholars have argued that happiness has a direct correlation with more income while others disagree with the assertion.
Money reduces intense stress: There was no significant difference in how often the participants experienced distressing events—no matter their income, they recorded a similar number of daily frustrations. But those with higher incomes experienced less negative intensity from those events.
More money brings greater control: Those with higher incomes felt they had more control over negative events and that control reduced their stress. People with ample incomes felt more agency to deal with whatever hassles may arise.
Higher incomes lead to higher life satisfaction: People with higher incomes were generally more satisfied with their lives. “It’s not that rich people don’t have problems,” Jachimowicz says, “but having money allows you to fix problems and resolve them more quickly.”
On the other hand the rich also Cry’s. wealthy people spend a large proportion of their time on activities which create stress. For example, they often work more hours than the average citizen. They often forget that work time is life time as well. Of course, one can experience happiness through one’s own work. However, for many people, happiness is directly connected to having enough time for family and friends. Everyone must decide for themselves what the right balance is. Without a doubt, those who sacrifice their private life for their work have more money, but they are not automatically happier.

8. Distinguish between Economic Growth and Economic Development and tell us where we are currently as a nation in terms of growth and development.
Economic growth refers to the increase in the income or output growth of a nation in a particular period. It takes place when there is a sustained increase in a country’s output of goods and services. Economic refers to the overall development of the quality of life in a nation which includes economic growth. It occurs when the standard of living of a large majority of the population rises, including both income and other dimensions like health and literacy.
Following the pandemic induced recession in 2020, Nigeria’s economic growth recovered but macroeconomic stability weakened. Amidst global commodity shocks, a depreciating currency, trade restrictions, and monetization of the deficit, inflation is surging and pushing millions of Nigerians into poverty. Since 2021, Nigeria is also unable to benefit from the surging global oil prices, as oil production has fallen to historic lows and petrol subsidy continues to consume a larger share of the gross oil revenues.
In 2018, 40% of Nigerians (83 million people) lived below the poverty line, while another 25% (53 million) were vulnerable. With Nigeria’s population growth continuing to outpace poverty reduction, the number of Nigerians living in extreme poverty is set to rise by 7.7 million between 2019 and 2024.
While the economy is projected to grow at an average of 3.2% in 2022-2024, the growth outlook is subject to downside risks including further declines in oil production and heightened insecurity. Meanwhile, continued scarcity of foreign exchange and tighter liquidity could affect the economic activity in the non-oil sector and undermine the overall macroeconomic stability. The uncertainty is also expected to be accompanied by high inflation and continued fiscal and debt pressures.

Okeanyaego Victor Chidubem
ECONOMICS
2019/244068
Eco 361 Assignment.

1. Development is more extensive than it is generalized to be . Development is when Poverty is said to be able to undergo Alleviation rather than Elimination( studies have shown that Poverty can only be alleviated and not eradicated totally), when individuals regardless of gender gets equal opportunities at different dealings and able bodied individuals who are willing and able to work have jobs , not just below par jobs ( underemployment) but gainfully employed ( jobs that meet up with their qualifications and standards, then Development is said to have begun to take its course in Such an economy.

2. Economic development entails countries and nations putting their best food foward in all sector of their economy. Allocation of resources has to be equal to be able to get Even distribution. Which will lead to maximum productivity. The use of Absolute Advantage theory will help the economy to improve , this will provide gainful employment and help to alleviate poverty form economies.

3. Yes, I vehemently stand with the words of Amartya Sen . An economy where there is freedom of production, diplomatic relations and even distribution of resources, there will not be room for poverty, tyranny or poor economic opportunities.

4. Women play the role of mothers, caretakers in the family affairs, farmers, educators, entrepreneurs, teachers etc. It is Historic that women play significant roles in societal development and ensure the stability, progress and long term development of nations. Woman also play the role of decision makers in the home. International Studies demonstrate that when the economy and political organization of a society changes , women take the lead. They play a key role in the Socio-economic development of the Society.

5. Being able to live long
Being well Nourished , because HEALTH is WEALTH. This realso translates to ;
Being Healthy.
Being literate as this helps to improve one’s personal and self development. You interaction with others and you ability to concieve intellectual ideas.
Being well-clothed, you must dress the way you want to be addressed .
Being mobile to able to move helps to reach a wider array of people.
Being able to take Active part in the life of the community .

6. Sustenance; The ability to meet basic needs, and not from hand to mouth.
Self Esteem; To be a person is to have a say in the community and the economy at large .
Freedom from Servitude; To be able to
Choose ones career part, your means of livelihood and to be employed for oneself.

7. There is not a perfect correlation between happiness and per capital income. People could be poor but happy, rich and unhappy.

8. Economic Growth is a narrower concept than Economic Development which wider.

Economic growth refers to an increase in the monthly income or output growth of a nation in a particular period. It takes place when there’s is a sustained ( ongoing for at least 1-2 years) increase in a country’s output of goods and services. WHILE Economic Development refers to the overall development of the quality of life in a nation which includes *economic growth* . It occurs when the standard of living of a large majority of a nation increases including both income and other dimensions like Health and Literacy.

As a Nation, NIGERIA is underdeveloped because there is no equality , there is no even distribution and allocation of resources, unemployment is at a high level ,the educational system is not encouraging and studies have shown that Nigeria is still a Third world country.

ECO 361 ASSIGNMENT ANSWERS
development is said to have occurred in a country when the country experiences reduction and elimination of poverty and other negative impacts in the economy.
According to Edgar Owens development is when people are developed that is to say human development and not only the development of material or physical things. Therefore the level of development in a nation, country or state depends on the amount of significance the country places on human development.
The reduction or elimination of poverty, unemployment and other sources of unfreedom in a society takes place when humans are empowered.

2. Economic development refers to policies or activities designed to improve the economic well being of a commodity. It can also be seen as an increase in a nation’s standard of living. For a nation or country to get to the point where their standard of living is enhanced it requires not only an increase in the output level that is an increase in the amount of goods produced in the country. It also requires changes in the composition of output, a shift in the country’s allocation of productive resources and an elimination of major sources of unfreedom. The country should ensure that it’s expenditure and consumption is not higher than it’s investment. it’s export not more than it’s import. Only when all these is achieved can a nation boost of economic development.
3. Amartya Send defined “development as the enhancement of freedoms that allows people to lead lives”. I believe this to be true. According to him” development is enhanced by democracy and the protection of human rights “. When major sources of unfreedom are present in a society; sources of unfreedom refers to the negative situations in a society that hinders people from achieving their goals and desires and when individuals are unable to achieve their goals like being educated the society is not developed.
When there are poor or no economic opportunity in an economy the people will suffer and development economic development is only possible when human development occurs.
So like amartya Sen says “development requires no source of unfreedom.”
4. Women are those set of humans that belongs to the female gender. Over the years women have played the role of wives, mothers caretakers in the family. Women are also farmers. It is said that women comprise of up to 43 percent of the world’s agricultural labor force. Agriculture is known to be one of the bedrock of national development since it provides food security, reduction of poverty level in the economy, creation of jobs and stabilizing the economy. A large amount of women if not all women have farm plots ranging from backyard plots to large arces of land. And with this contribute largely to the development of the society. They do this by employing hands to help out in their farm lands thereby creating job opportunities for the masses, they sell their products generating income for the family and increasing the national income of the nation and we agree that even though economic growth is not a sufficient guarantee for economic development it plays an important role in achieving economic development.
Women also plays the role of educators in the society. They have contributed to the education sector from pre literate level to literate level. Since education is an important tool for improving the agricultural sector productivity, enhancing environmental protection , mothers who urge and encourage their children to get educated are in a way paving the way for economic development.
5. Some of the beings and doings in human capability to function include:
a. Being well nourished: for humans to be able to function in the society, nourishment is needed. A healthy balanced diet, healthy environment and regular exercise is needed for nourishment of humans. If man is not well nourished his ability to function lessens.
b. Being literate: ignorance is said to be a disease. Many people are unemployed, miss out on great opportunities due to illiteracy. Literacy goes beyond learning in classrooms, it is the ability to evaluate and understand things. Without this man cannot function properly.
c. Being well clothes: The human body requires clothing to be comfortable. It is a necessity. When Adam and Eve sinned against God, he made clothes from sheepskin and placed on them so as to cover their nakedness as well as protect them from the harshness of the weather because he (God) knew it was necessary. So man needs proper clothing, clothes he is comfortable in to function in the economy.
6. The three core Values of development are:
a. Sustenance: this refers to the ability to meet basic needs. Certain needs like food, clothings, shelter, health and protection if not provided makes living uncomfortable. For example a student who has exams but has not eaten and has nothing to eat will not be able to read and understand.
b. Self esteem: to be a person. Having self respect, not allowing others dictate ones actions. Not allowing oneself to be used as a tool by others. For example a lady should not sleep with an interviewer just to get employment.
c. Freedom from servitude: According to Arthur Lewis “the advantage of economic growth ( an increase in the level of national output) is not that wealth increases happiness but that it increases the range of human choices” . For example a poor man who was unable to make his rent can when he becomes wealthy choose to buy out his landlord.
7. Paraphrasing Arthur Lewis “wealth increases the range of human choices. Which means the more money a person makes the happier he becomes because his sense of control over life is broader.
8. Economic growth refers to an increase in monetary or output level of a country in a particular period of time.
Economic development is the overall increase or growth in the quality of life in a society and it includes economic growth.

Answers:
1. Reduction in poverty is the goal of any country, in other to boast market demand of commodity that variably increases a country GDP; when an economy drives stewards reducing poverty and increasing the standard of living; its populace tends to develop in terms of their income generation. In Nigeria, on average , a citizen earns less than a dollar and purchasing power of income tends to be less thereby reducing investment opportunities of the populace ; which also leads to poverty; hence for a country to move towards development it has to invest in its productivity of its citizens which means increase in per capita income ; thereby reducing the level of poverty.

2. Economic development describes all involvement that makes an economy to develop as well as when output increase in terms of poverty reduction (that is all the citizens of an economy/country are living above a dollar daily)
when these happen in relation to its sustainability, we say that the poverty level will tend to reduce and if output is equally distributed or there is elimination of inequality in terms of output, the economy will tend towards development.
3. Freedom is the ultimate goal of economic development as well as most efficient means of realizing welfare, overcoming deprivation is central to development. Unfreedom includes hunger, famine, ignorance, an unsustainable economic life, unemployment, barriers to fulfilment by women by minority communities, premature death.

4. Women are known for keeping the home first, Women also play the role of decision-makers in homes women are not only caring for their children at home but are also the primary caretakers of both children and elders in every country of the world. It is very important for the nations development and ensure the stability, progress, and long-term development of nations.

5. Being able to live long: if citizens of an economy tend to live longer, it will directly boast the productivity of the economy as there will be enough manpower needed for productive activities
Being well nourished: good nourishment (not food) is very vital for the development of an economy, if citizens has the right type of nourishment it will show in their economic development
Being well clothed: the productivity of citizens of an economy can also be affected by the clothing they have on at seasons of production. i.e. wearing of light and well covered cloth in summer than wearing of thick clothing can boast productivity
Being able to take part in the life of the community

5. Being able to live long: if citizens of an economy tend to live longer, it will directly boast the productivity of the economy as there will be enough manpower needed for productive activities
Being well nourished: good nourishment (not food) is very vital for the development of an economy, if citizens has the right type of nourishment it will show in their economic development
Being well clothed: the productivity of citizens of an economy can also be affected by the clothing they have on at seasons of production. i.e. wearing of light and well covered cloth in summer than wearing of thick clothing can boast productivity
Being able to take part in the life of the community

6. Sustenance: when one has the ability to afford basic necessities. i.e. an employed salary earner who can afford his need with his income without borrowing aver a long period of time can directly affect how the economy develops.
Self-esteem: having trust in oneself can go a long way on how productivity will be attained. i.e. when one take risks and boast investment in businesses
Economic development can be reached easily.
Freedom from servitude: To be able to choose how you live in your productivity can go a long way in determining economic development
i.e. citizens that have freedom to work where their productivity is higher.

7. Income generates happiness if it is steady enough to purchase necessities. If the income earned from output is good enough for purchase and good livelihood, it will bring happiness
8.
Economic growth
This refers to increase in the monetary(income) growth of a nation in a particular period. It takes place when there is a sustained (ongoing for at least 1-2 years) increase in a country output of goods and services.
Economic developmentIt refers to the overall development of the quality of life in a nation which includes economic growth. It occurs when the standard of living of a large majority of the population rises, including both income and other dimensions like health and illiteracy.

Name: Eze Emmanuel C
Registration Number: 2019/244174
Department: ECO-SOC

1) Development, however, sought out to eliminate poverty and inequality as there is an effective and efficient allocation of productive resources present during development which increases income. Unemployment levels are eliminated as employment and job opportunities are created. Inequality is the difference in distribution of income, resources, and opportunities between various sectors in an economy. Poverty entails the lack of income or expenditure level to maintain a minimum standard of living. income.
2) Development brings about a creation of income and output and an efficient allocation of productive resources whereas they are scarce which eliminates the problem of inequality and reduces poverty levels. A change in the composition of output is the combination of various productive resources.
3) Tyranny, systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities, are all political and environmental problems which do not have effects on development. They are certain policies, activities and actions that bring about development in an economy. So in conclusion, I do not agree there is a direct correlation between happiness and higher incomes.
4)Women, as the conventional primary caretakers of children, often have a more prominent role than men in advocating for children, resulting in a “double dividend” in terms of the benefits of women’s representation. Female representatives not only advance women’s rights but also advance the rights of children. In national legislatures, there is a notable trend of women advancing gender and family-friendly legislation. This advocacy has been seen in countries ranging from France, Sweden and the Netherlands, to South Africa, Rwanda, and Egypt. Furthermore, several studies from both industrialized and developed countries indicate that women in local government tend to advance social issues. In India, for instance, greater women’s representation has corresponded with a more equitable distribution of community resources, including more gender-sensitive spending on programs related to health, nutrition, and education.
5) Capabilities are the doings and beings that people can achieve if they so choose — their opportunity to do or be such things as being well-nourished, getting married, being educated, and traveling; functionings are capabilities that have been realized. Whether someone can convert a set of means – resources and public goods – into a functioning crucially depends on certain personal, sociopolitical, and environmental conditions, which, in the capability literature, are called ‘conversion factors.’
6) 1. Freedom: It tries to increase people’s freedom to choose by increasing the range of available goods and services, travel, and social and political contact and by decentralizing government decision-making, to achieve greater local participation
2. Self-esteem: It tries to create conditions that can increase growth in self-esteem through improving or introducing social, political, and economic systems and institutions that promote human dignity and respect.
3. Sustenance: It tries to raise people’s living standards, including improvements in food, housing, education, employment, sanitation, environmental protection, and health services. Examples- food, water and shelter.

7) The happiness of people living in poverty tends to increase when they are given a higher income. However, there is a certain income saturation point beyond which happiness stops following the increasing income. In conclusion, happiness has a direct correlation with more income. So I agree.
8)Economic development considers the rise in the output in an economy and the advancement of the HDI index, which assumes an increase in living standards, development in technology, and overall happiness index of a nation. It focuses on a balanced and equitable distribution of wealth among all individuals and uplifts downgraded societies. It is highly dependent on government intervention as it includes widespread policy changes. So without government intervention, it is not possible. Economic growth is the positive quantitative change in the output of an economy at a particular time. Economic growth does not emphasize the fair and equal distribution of wealth/income among all people. Economic growth is the “narrower” concept. Quantitative in nature. It is an automatic process. So, it may not require government support/aid or intervention.

Name: Joseph Prosper Chizundu
Registration Number: 2019/247776
Department: Economics

1) Inequality threatens long term social and economic development, harms poverty reduction and destroys people’s sense of fulfillment and self-worth. Development, however, sought out to eliminate poverty and inequality as there is an effective and efficient allocation of productive resources present during development which increases income. Unemployment levels are eliminated as employment and job opportunities are created. Inequality is the difference in distribution of income, resources, and opportunities between various sectors in an economy. Poverty entails the lack of income or expenditure level to maintain a minimum standard of living. income.
2) Development through agricultural activities (food production) tends to create employment opportunities for those involved in the economic activity. Development causes a creation of income and output and an efficient allocation of productive resources which eliminates the problem of inequality and reduces poverty levels. A change in the composition of output is the combination of various resources put into production.
3)How a country operates can have a dramatic impact on the development within a country. The government-enforced policies and administrative norms known as political factors can influence economic development. Tyranny, systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities, are all political and environmental problems that have effects on development. They are certain policies, activities and actions that bring about development in an economy.
4)Despite the challenges women are facing, women activism and advocacy, education of women, positivity on the part of successive governments towards women empowerment and interest of women to participate in politics is getting a lot of positive energy. This is an indication that the participation of women in politics has a bright future. Therefore, the relevant stakeholders are advised to advocate for the protection of women from abuse, empower them economically and politically and review the necessary legislations to accommodate the growing interest of women in politics both elective and appointive positions.
5) Capabilities are the doings and beings that people can achieve if they so choose — their opportunity to do or be such things as being well-nourished, getting married, being educated, and traveling; functionings are capabilities that have been realized. Whether someone can convert a set of means – resources and public goods – into a functioning crucially depends on certain personal, sociopolitical, and environmental conditions, which, in the capability literature, are called ‘conversion factors.’
6) 1. Freedom: It tries to increase people’s freedom to choose by increasing the range of available goods and services, travel, and social and political contact and by decentralizing government decision-making, to achieve greater local participation.
2. Self-esteem: It tries to create conditions that can increase growth in self-esteem through improving or introducing social, political, and economic systems and institutions that promote human dignity and respect.
3. Sustenance: It tries to raise people’s living standards, including improvements in food, housing, education, employment, sanitation, environmental protection, and health services. Examples- food, water and shelter.

7) The happiness of people living in poverty tends to increase when they are given a higher income. However, there is a certain income saturation point beyond which happiness stops following the increasing income. In conclusion, happiness has a direct correlation with more income. So I agree.
8)Economic development considers the rise in the output in an economy and the advancement of the HDI index, which assumes an increase in living standards, development in technology, and overall happiness index of a nation. It focuses on a balanced and equitable distribution of wealth among all individuals and uplifts downgraded societies. It is highly dependent on government intervention as it includes widespread policy changes. So without government intervention, it is not possible. Economic growth is the positive quantitative change in the output of an economy at a particular time. Economic growth does not emphasize the fair and equal distribution of wealth/income among all people. Economic growth is the “narrower” concept. Quantitative in nature. It is an automatic process. So, it may not require government support/aid or intervention.

Ngwoke Chidera Lilian
2019/245394
Economic
1:If a country is undeveloped at first by the time they start engaging citizen by providing job employment, providing a rule that is fair to everyone, providing equipment and funds to help boost the little firm it will boost there output and increase productivity that will earn them more profit when exported
2:Apart from a ride in output, when a country begin to develop there are changes which occurs such as employment opportunity to people,when every one is busy engaging in the growth and d
velopment of the conutry the rate of poverty, unemployment and inequality will reduce
4:the phrase start that development is a very standard needed by a conutry to over come poverty unemployment and inequality, when 80% of the citizens of a conutry is productive poverty rate will reduce
5:e central role of a woman in national
development is empowering women increase in economic diversity,boost productivity and income quality
6: Being of health.
Being of mobile
Beings literate
Beings well clothed
Beings well nourshrished
6:substence:the ability to meet basic needs
Self Esteem:to be a person
Freedom of stunitude:to be able to choose
7: Economic growth is the increase in monetary income or output of a Nation it takes place when there is substained increase in a country output of goods and services
While Economic development is the overall development of the quality of life in a Nation which includes economic growth it occurs when the standard of living of a large majority of the population raises including both you income and other dimensions like health and literacy

NAME: MOETEKE EBELE LOUISA
REG NO: 2019/244608
DEPARTMENT: ECONOMICS
COURSE: ECO 361
EMAIL: moetekeebele@gmail.com

 Professor Dudley Seers argues that development is about outcomes that is development occurs with the reduction and elimination of poverty, inequality and unemployment within a growing economy. Discuss

ANSWER
I. Poverty: The United Nations (1995) defined poverty in absolute and relative term. They examined absolute poverty as a state made up by serious denial of basic human needs including food, shelter, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, education and information. To them, absolute poverty does not depend only on income but also on access to life. Relative poverty was defined by the UN in terms of minimum acceptable standard of living within a society in which a particular person lives. The UN (2010) adopted a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), to measure poverty using three key dimensions and 10 indicators. The key dimensions are: living standard, education and health, which are: nutrition, child mortality, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing and asset. The cut off for poverty according to the MPI is 33.33% of which Nigeria MPI is 0.303% which is not up to the cut-off mark. This is in line with the Human Development Index (HDI) which assessed the progress of a country in terms of a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. According to the (World Poverty Clock Report, 2018), Nigeria overtake India as the number one country with the highest number of population in the world living in extreme poverty with 86.9 million people. This is about 45% of the Nigeria’s population. The report indicated that Nigeria is among the 18 countries that extreme poverty is increasing. According to (World Poverty Clock Report, 2019 and 2020 (first quarter)), the estimated population of Nigeria stands at 196,842,992 million 2019 in 2019. Out of this population, 93,742,875 million (48%) are living in extreme poverty. The figure further increased to 95,903,776 million people in the first quarter of 2020. It could be seen that the number of people living in extreme poverty keeps on increasing. Based on the new figure, 2,160,901 million people have joined the poverty club between 2019and first quarter of 2020. This means that almost half of Nigerians are living below a dollar per day in accordance with the World Bank definition of extreme poverty. The report further estimated that with the week outlook for poverty alleviation in Nigerians, 120 million people would slip into extreme poverty by the year 2030. Despite the rapid growth experienced in Nigeria for the past years, the number of people going into poverty keeps on increasing daily.
II. Inequality: The United Nations defined inequality as the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities (UN, 2015). Development theory was concern with inequalities in standard of living, such as inequalities in income/wealth, education, health and nutrition. Nigeria is Africa’s largest economy, yet inequality has reached extreme level that the country’s five richest men worth $29.9 billion could end extreme poverty at national level, yet a lot are facing hunger Oxfam report (2017). Nigeria’ economy has been growing in terms of GDP but without creating adequate opportunities for the broader population. Resources are unevenly distributed, resulting in persistent inequalities. The rich are increasing in their riches while the poor are getting poorer. It is pertinent to know that almost everything in Nigeria has some elements of inequalities. Nigeria richest man Aliko Dangote earns about 8,000 times more in one day than a poor Nigerian will spend on basic needs in one year. Up to halve of Nigerians are living in poverty, yet the same richest man in Nigeria would have to spend $1 million a day for 42 years to exhaust his fortune. This is inequality in the distribution of income. When it comes to distribution of jobs in Nigeria, there is great inequality. Children of the rich get the juicy and lucrative white collar jobs while that of the poor gets the non-lucrative jobs. Even in the Armed Forces of Nigeria, children of the rich are dominant in the Nigeria Defence Academy (NDA) and eventually commissioned into the officer’s cadre while that of the poor gets the non-commissioned cadre which are all indicators of inequalities. When it comes to health and schooling opportunities, there are inequalities. The rich sends their children to the best schools while that of the poor attends public schools with little or no infrastructures. In fact, in some areas students sits under the trees as their classrooms to learn without food to eat as depicted in the diagram below. But almost every rich man in Nigeria sends their children to school abroad in one of the developed countries while the poor cannot afford to pay the school fee of the public schools their children attend. This is one of the reasons why the rate of drop out from school in Nigeria is on the rise.
III. Unemployment: The International Labor Organization (ILO) defined unemployment as all persons of working age (15 years and above) who were not in employment but are engaging seeking employment during a particular period and were currently available to take up employment given a job opportunity. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics defined unemployment as person(s) who do not have job, have actively looked for work in the prior 4 weeks, and are currently available for work. Rate of unemployment is the number of people actively looking for job as a percentage of the labor force. The rate of unemployment in Nigeria especially among the active labor force (youth) is very alarming. According to the Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics (2019) report, youth unemployment rate averaged 23.63% from 2014 until it reaches an all-time high of 38% in the 2nd quarter of 2018. During the 3rd quarter of 2018, the unemployment rate was 39.7% which is the combination of 23.1% unemployment rate and 16.6% underemployment rate. The Bureau projected that if the rising trend of unemployment is not urgently curtailed, the unemployment rate will reach 33.5% by 2020. While inaugurating the National Employment Council (NEC) in 2018, the Nigeria minister of labor and productivity charged the council to bring out policy measures that will reverse the increasing unemployment trend in Nigeria. He noted that despite the fact that 14 different programs were implemented by the federal government from 1972 till date to reduce unemployment and eradicate poverty, the unemployment rate and poverty levels are still increasing which indicates high resilience against the intervention programs. This rising trend of unemployment is in contrast with Dudley Seer’s assertion on development. Those figures on unemployment shows that Nigeria as a nation is not experiencing development. The unemployment rate has been increasing from 9.0% in 2015 to 23.1% in 2018. These show that the unemployment rate has been increasing with no sign of going down. In fact, it has been projected that by 2020, the unemployment rate would have reached 33.5% (NBS, 2018). Therefore, according to Seer’s question on unemployment, Nigeria is not experiencing development.

 Apart from a rise in output, Economic Development involves changes in composition of output, shift in the allocation of productive resources, and elimination or reduction of poverty, inequalities and unemployment. Clearly discuss the above assertion.
ANSWER
I. Elimination of Poverty: Research that compares the experiences of a wide range of developing countries finds consistently strong evidence that rapid and sustained growth is the single most important way to reduce poverty. A typical estimate from these cross-country studies is that a 10 percent increase in a country’s average income will reduce the poverty rate by between 20 and 30 percent. The central role of growth in driving the speed at which poverty declines is confirmed by research on individual countries and groups of countries. For example, a flagship study of 14 countries in the 1990s found that over the course of the decade, poverty fell in the 11 countries that experienced significant growth and rose in the three countries with low or stagnant growth. On average, a one per cent increase in per capita income reduced poverty by 1.7 percent. Among these 14 countries, the reduction in poverty was particularly spectacular in Vietnam, where poverty fell by 7.8 percent a year between 1993 and 2002, halving the poverty rate from 58 per cent to 29 percent. Other countries with impressive reductions over this period include El Salvador, Ghana, India, Tunisia and Uganda, each with declines in the poverty rate of between three and six per cent a year. Driving these overall reductions in poverty was the rebound in growth that began for most of the countries in the mid-1990s. The median GDP growth rate for the 14 countries was 2.4 percent a year between 1996 and 2003.
II. Effects on Inequalities: Initial levels of income inequality are important in determining how powerful an effect growth has in reducing poverty. For example, it has been estimated that a one percent increase in income levels could result in a 4.3 percent decline in poverty in countries with very low inequality or as little as a 0.6 percent decline in poverty in highly unequal countries. Such calculations need to be interpreted with care given the multitude of variables involved. Even if inequality increases alongside growth, it is not necessarily the case that poor people will fail to benefit only that they will benefit less from growth than other households. But contrary to widespread belief, growth does not necessarily lead to increased inequality. While some theoretical research suggests a causal relationship between growth and inequality (and vice versa), the consensus of the latest empirical research is that there is no consistent relationship between inequality and changes in income. The experiences of developing countries in the 1980s and 1990s suggest that there is a roughly equal chance of growth being accompanied by increasing or decreasing inequality. In many developing countries, rates of inequality are similar to or lower than in developed countries. A series of studies using cross-country data all suggest that growth has neither a positive nor a negative effect on inequality.
III. Reduction of Unemployment: Economic growth generates job opportunities and hence stronger demand for labour, the main and often the sole asset of the poor. In turn, increasing employment has been crucial in delivering higher growth. Strong growth in the global economy over the past 10 years means that the majority of the world’s working-age population is now in employment. At the same time, in every region of the world and particularly in Africa, youth unemployment is a major issue. This is reflected in higher than average unemployment rates: young people make up 25 percent of the working population worldwide but 47 percent of the unemployed. Nevertheless, since the early 1990s, global employment has risen by over 400 million. While China and India account for most of this increase, almost all of the new jobs have been created in developing countries. Real wages for low-skilled jobs have increased with GDP growth worldwide, which indicates that the poorest workers have benefited from the increase in global trade and growth. Fears that greater global integration and ever more ‘footloose’ international investors would push down wages have proved to be unfounded. Indeed, evidence on foreign direct investment suggests that firms are attracted to countries with higher, not lower, labour standards. Macroeconomic factors, such as low inflation, export orientation and low labour taxes, help to determine how much employment is created by growth. Structural factors, such as the balance of the economy between agriculture, manufacturing and services, are also important.

 In the words of Amartya Sen “Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom, poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive states. Do you agree? Explain in details.
ANSWER
Development is the process of expanding human freedom. It is “the enhancement of freedoms that allow people to lead lives that they have reason to live”. Hence “development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systemic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive states”.
Economic unfreedom, in the form of extreme poverty, can make a person a helpless prey in the violation of other kinds of freedom. Economic unfreedom can breed social unfreedom, just as social or political unfreedom can also foster economic unfreedom.
Freedom implies not just to do something, but the capabilities to make it happen. What people can achieve (their capabilities) is influenced by “economic opportunities, political liberties, social powers, and the enabling condition of good health, basic education, and the encouragement and cultivation of initiatives”. If women in Asia and North Africa were given the same health care and attention, the world would have 100 million more women.
Sometimes the lack of the substantive freedoms relates directly to economic poverty, which robs people of the freedom to satisfy hunger, or to achieve sufficient nutrition, or to obtain remedies for treatable illnesses, or the opportunity to be adequately clothed or sheltered, or to enjoy clean water or sanitary facilities.
In other cases, the unfreedom links closely to the lack of public facilities and social care, such as the absence of epidemiological programs, or of organized arrangements for health care or educational facilities and social care, or of effective institutions for the maintenance of local peace and order.
In still other cases, the violation of freedom results directly from a denial of political and civil liberties by authoritarian regimes and from imposed restrictions on the freedom to participate in the social, political and economic life of the community. Freedom is central to the process of development for two distinct reasons; the evaluative reason: assessment of progress has to be done primarily in terms of whether the freedoms that people have are enhanced and the effectiveness reason: achievement of development is thoroughly dependent on the free agency of people
Not only is free agency itself a “constitutive” part of development, it also contributes to the strengthening of free agencies of other kinds. What people can positively achieve is influenced by economic opportunities, political liberties, social powers, and the enabling conditions of good health, basic education, and the encouragement and cultivation of initiatives.
The institutional arrangements for these opportunities are also influenced by the exercise of people’s freedoms, through the liberty to participate in social choice and in the making of public decisions that impel the progress of these opportunities.
Substantive freedoms; the liberty of political participation or the opportunity to receive basic education or health care, are among the constituent components of development. Their relevance for development does not have to be freshly established through their indirect contribution to the growth of Gross National Product (GNP) or to the promotion of industrialization. These freedoms and rights are also very effective in contributing to economic progress. The vindication of freedoms and rights provided by this causal linkage is over and above the directly constitutive role of these freedoms in development.
It is hard to think that any process of substantial development can do without very extensive use of markets, but that does not preclude the role of social support, public regulation, or statecraft when they can enrich rather than impoverish human lives.
A broad approach of this kind permits simultaneous appreciation of the vital roles, in the process of development, of many different institutions, including markets and market related organizations, governments and local authorities, political parties and other civic institutions, educational arrangements and opportunities of open dialogue and debate including the role of the media and other means of communication.
Such an approach also allows us to acknowledge the role of social values and prevailing mores, which can influence the freedoms that people enjoy and have reason to treasure. Shared norms can influence social features such as gender equity, the nature of child care, family size and fertility patterns, the treatment of the environment and many other arrangements and outcomes. Prevailing values and social mores also affect the presence or absence of corruption, and the role of trust in economic or social or political relationships.

 Critically discuss the Central Role of Women in the National Development
ANSWER
Throughout history, the central role of women in society has ensured the stability, progress and long-term development of nations. Globally, women comprise 43 percent of the world’s agricultural labor force rising to 70 percent in some countries. For instance, across Africa, 80 percent of the agricultural production comes from small farmers, most of whom are rural women. It’s widely accepted that agriculture can be the engine of growth and poverty reduction in developing nations. Women, notably mothers, play the largest role in decision-making about family meal planning and diet. And, women self-report more often their initiative in preserving child health and nutrition.
The Role of Women as Caretakers: Women are the primary caretakers of children and elders in every country of the world. International studies demonstrate that when the economy and political organization of a society change, women take the lead in helping the family adjust to new realities and challenges. They are likely to be the prime initiator of outside assistance, and play an important role in facilitating (or hindering) changes in family life.
The Role of Women as Educators: The contribution of women to a society’s transition from pre-literate to literate likewise is undeniable. Basic education is key to a nation’s ability to develop and achieve sustainability targets. Research has shown that education can improve agricultural productivity, enhance the status of girls and women, reduce population growth rates, enhance environmental protection, and widely raise the standard of living. It is the mother in the family who most often urges children of both genders to attend and stay in school. The role of women is at the front end of the chain of improvements leading to the families, the community’s long-term capacity.
The Role of Women in the Workforce: Today, the median female share of the global workforce is 45.4 percent. Women’s formal and informal labor can transform a community from a relatively autonomous society to a participant in the national economy. Despite significant obstacles, women’s small businesses in rural developing communities not only can be an extended family’s lifeline, but can form a networked economic foundation for future generations. The role of women in the urban and rural workforce has expanded exponentially in recent decades
The Role of Women as Global Volunteers: Global Volunteers’ community development work in host countries worldwide strengthens women’s and children’s capacity and supports their sustained health and development. Under the direction of local leaders, our volunteers help ensure academic accessibility, foster parental involvement, offer psycho-social support, provide nutrition and health education, fund girls’ scholarships, construct schools with girls’ bathrooms, tutor literacy, and numeracy, and so much more. Contact us using the form below to learn how you can contribute to this critical agenda.

 Clearly discuss some Important “Beings” and “Doings” in Capability to Function
ANSWER
The capability approach is a theoretical framework that entails two normative claims: first, the claim that the freedom to achieve well-being is of primary moral importance and, second, that well-being should be understood in terms of people’s capabilities and functioning. Capabilities are the doings and beings that people can achieve if they so choose, their opportunity to do or be such things as being well-nourished, getting married, being educated, and travelling; functioning are capabilities that have been realized. Whether someone can convert a set of means resources and public goods into a functioning (i.e., whether she has a particular capability) crucially depends on certain personal, sociopolitical, and environmental conditions, which, in the capability literature, are called ‘conversion factors.’ Capabilities have also been referred to as real or substantive freedoms as they denote the freedoms that have been cleared of any potential obstacles, in contrast to mere formal rights and freedoms.
At the core of the capability approach is a normative commitment to conceptualize well-being in terms of capabilities and functionings. Functionings are ‘doings and beings’, that is, various states of human beings and activities that a person has achieved, such as being well-nourished, getting married, being educated, and travelling, while capabilities are the real, or substantive, opportunity that they have to achieve these doings and beings. A person’s ‘capability-set’ denotes the set of capabilities that he or she can choose from, while the term ‘basic capabilities’ refers either to “the innate equipment of individuals that is necessary for developing the more advanced capabilities”, such as the capability of speech and language, which is present in a newborn but needs to be fostered (Nussbaum 2000, 84), or to the freedom to do some basic things considered necessary for survival and to avoid or escape poverty or other serious deprivation (Sen 1992, 45, fn. 19). The relevance of basic capabilities is “not so much in ranking living standards, but in deciding on a cut-off point for the purpose of assessing poverty and deprivation” (Sen 1987b, 109).
Recently, there has been a discussion within the capability literature about whether capabilities and functionings should be limited to only encompass positively valued doings and beings such as according to a normative theory, those that we have reason to value, or those which promote some ultimate normative aim, such as human dignity or agency or whether capabilities and functionings are value-neutral concepts that encompass not only normatively positive but also negative and neutral doings and beings (Byskov 2020; Robeyns 2017).
Why is the value-laden definition of capabilities problematic, according to its critics? First, if what counts as a capability is normatively valuable then it risks ignoring that the value of a certain set of capabilities and functionings may also crucially depend on what it does not allow one to do or be or if it allows one to realize morally bad functionings, such as committing murder or polluting (Carter 2014; Dowding and Van Hees 2009). The value-laden conception of capabilities analytically excludes such non-normatively valued doings and beings from consideration, even though they may be just as important for the valuation of a capability-set as positively valued doings and beings.
The second reason why the value-laden definition might be problematic is because it excludes applications of the capability framework that are not concerned with what is valuable or not, and in some cases are concerned with morally bad capabilities. Two such capability applications are the conceptualization of phenomena and empirical purposes. For example, an empirical study that investigates the prevalence of domestic violence in a society would be concerned with whether husbands have capability (and functioning) of exercising such violence – a clear-cut case of a morally bad, yet highly relevant, capability. Thus, if the definition of capabilities and functionings is limited to only encompass normatively valuable or positive doings and beings, it excludes applications of the capability approach that are concerned with morally bad doings and beings and capability applications that are not concerned with whether capabilities are valuable or not.
In contrast to the value-laden definition, proponents of the value-neutral definition of capabilities and functionings hold that doings and beings can be both positively and negatively valued as well as normatively neutral. A capability, according to this definition, is simply the freedom that people have to do or be certain things. Examples of capabilities that are usually evaluated positively are being well-nourished, sheltered, and educated, while examples of capabilities that are usually negatively valued are the ability to kill (Stewart and Deneulin 2002, 67), the ability to rape, being vulnerable to natural hazards, and being able to pollute (Holland 2008, 418; Nussbaum 2006, 166). Because both positively and negatively valued capabilities determine how well-off we are, it is necessary that capabilities are defined in a way that includes both.

 Discuss the three Core Values of Development with relevant example.
ANSWER
The concept of development emerged to include certain necessary components for development. Denis Goulet suggested three core values necessary for the development of an economy:
I. Sustenance: Sustenance refers to the basic needs of a human being without which survival would not be possible. These needs include food, shelter, security and good health. Shortage of any of these necessities implies a situation of severe underdevelopment of the economy. Development, therefore, must lead to the reduction of these shortages and fulfil these basic needs of the population. The benefits of growth must be accompanied by a reduction in this absolute poverty situation. As a result, improvement in the quality of overall life in an economy is bound to occur.
II. Self-esteem: Every individual is entitled to a sense of self-worth or self-respect. Although the nature of self-esteem may change with society or the economy, the basic idea remains the same. All people have the right to a life of dignity and honour. Respect, however, is often attached to wealth and the underdevelopment of an economy can be a burden on people’s self-esteem. Hence to promote self-worth, development must be spread across the whole economy and not just certain sections within it.
III. Freedom: Freedom refers to not just freedom from servitude, but also from discrimination, oppressive beliefs and practices. Equal opportunity and freedom in every aspect of the social, legal, cultural and political situation are necessary for every individual. Everyone must be free to choose and have control over their own life and actions. Growth without freedom has been observed in many nations, which defeats the purpose of development.

 Some scholars have argued that happiness has a direct correlation with more income while others disagree with the assertion.
ANSWER
In general, people firmly believe that if they have more money, their life would be much better. Based on conventional economics, it is believed that money can buy happiness. It is because money can be used to exchange for things to satisfy people’s needs. Likewise, a research study conducted by Schnittker (2008) found that the correlation between income and happiness is always understood in terms of income allowing people to enjoy their life and consume goods to fulfill their needs and increase their well-being. Therefore, money and happiness are highly linked, and usually it is believed that people with higher income are happier than people with lower income; in other words, people with lower income are less happy than people with higher income.
There have been extensive research related to the relationship between income and happiness. Most of the evidence indicates that there is a positive relationship between income and happiness (Schnittker, 2008). Higher incomes and greater happiness are highly linked. Schnittker (2008) believed that this positive relationship is not surprising, and people usually use socio-economic status as a key element to explain characteristics of quality of life. Based on Diener (1984) Wealthy people would describe their life as good, and tend to satisfy with their life much better than less wealthy people within a given society (as cited in Boyce, Brown, & Moore, 2010).
According to Hernandez-Murillo (2010), Richard Easterlin was the first modern economist who investigated the association between income and happiness (as cited in Como, 2011). Easterlin has done extensive research regarding the income-happiness relationship. Through his investigations, Easterlin (2001) found three empirical regularities to explain his theory. Firstly, at a given time people with higher income are happier than those with less income. Secondly, over the life cycle, the level of happiness remains stable in spite of a growth in the level of income. Finally, people tend to believe that they were less happy in the past and happier in the future.
Easterlin (2001) observed the relationship between income and happiness. He found that in each representative national survey, a statistically significant positive bivariate relationship between income and happiness has always been found. According to the General Social Survey (GSS) in the United States in 1994, a direct question regarding subjective well-being was used to measure happiness: “Taken all together, how would you say things are these days – would you say that you are very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy? (p. 466)”, and it was found that 16% of people in the lowest income category and 44% of people in the highest income one reported very happy (cited in Easterlin 2001). By computing the mean of the happiness rating on the scale “Very happy (4)”, “Pretty happy (2)”, and “Not to happy (0)”, Easterlin (2001) found that the average point of happiness varies according to the level income, ranging from a low point of 1.8 to a high point of 2.8. Therefore, even though it has been proved that there is a positive relationship between income and happiness, the relationship between the two variables is often weak (Howell & Howell, 2008 cited in Boyce et al, 2010; Easterlin, 2001). This would mean wealthier people are happier, but not very much than less wealthy people at a point in time. Easterlin (2001) further explained his second principle based on the life cycle principle. He stated that previous research’s findings were inconsistent regarding the age-happiness relationship. A study conducted by Mroczek and Kolarz (1998) found a positive relationship between age and happiness, whereas Myers (1992) found no correlation at all (cited in Easterlin, 2001). A survey conducted by George (1992) found that prior to 1970s older people in the United States were less happy than younger people, while the recent research studies found differently that older generation is happier than younger generation (cited in Easterlin, 2001). Easterlin (2001) explained that such inconsistency caused by the failure to take into account the plausibility of variation in the relationship over time.
According to Easterlin (2001), stability of happiness in life cycle does not mean that the level of subjective well-being remains constant over the life time. McLanahan and Sorensen (1985), and Myers (1992) stated that significant changes of particular circumstances in life cycle such as unemployment, retirement, and death of family members affect subjective well-being of people (cited in Easterlin, 2001). Easterlin (2001) continued to explain the last empirical regularity which is the past and prospective happiness. Based on the observation of life cycle happiness, there is a little change between people’s past and prospective happiness (Easterlin, 2001). In every survey, participants, however, generally think at any particular point in the life cycle they are happier today than in the past, and they will be happier in the future than today (Easterlin, 2001). The periods between past, today and future are long intervals such as 5 years or more. However, based on Easterlin (2001), in fact, on average the level of present happiness remains constant. Level of happiness does not change within a given period of time, but it is people who think they are becoming happier and happier from present time to the future.
 Distinguish between Economic Growth and Economic Development and tell us where we are currently as a nation in terms of growth and development.
ANSWER
Economic growth is a conservative concept. It denote the rise in a nation’s actual output level because of the increased quality of resources. Whereas economic development is comparatively a normative concept. It represents the enhancement in the standard of living of an individual and self-esteem needs.
Indicators of economic growth are GDP, GNI, and Per capita income while indicators of economic development are Human Development Index (HDI), Human Poverty Index (HPI), Gini Coefficient, Gender Development Index (GDI), Balance of trade and physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI).

Economic Growth is the precursor and prerequisite for economic development. It is the subset of economic development while Economic development comes after economic growth. It is a positive impact of economic growth.
Economic growth is an automatic process that may or may not require intervention from the government while Economic development requires intervention from the government as all the developmental policies are formed by the government.
Economic growth is relatively narrow concept as compared to economic development while economic development is a broader concept than economic development.
Economic growth relates a gradual increase in one of the components of GDP; consumption, government spending, investment or net exports while Economic development relates to growth of human capital indexes and decrease in inequality.
Economic growth is single dimensional in nature as it only focuses on income of the people while Economic development is multi-dimensional in nature as it focuses on both income and improvement of living standards of the people.
Economic growth means an increase in real national income / national output while Economic development means an improvement in the quality of life and living standards, e.g. measures of literacy, life-expectancy and health care.
Economic Growth refers to the increment in amount of goods and services produced by an economy while Economic development refers to the reduction and elimination of poverty, unemployment and inequality with the context of growing economy.
In terms of growth and development, Nigeria is a weakening economy, rising in insecurity and violent conflicts threaten progress made in its democratic development. Amid deepening distrust in government and institutions, Nigeria has significant work to do in improving national, state and local security and governance ahead of national and state elections in 2023. While the economy is projected to grow at an average of 3.2% in 2022-2024, the growth outlook is subject to downside risks including further declines in oil production and heightened insecurity.

Reg.no:2019/241331
Name: ODUM PRECIOUS NAOMI

1.Development means “improvement in country’s economic and social conditions”. More specially, it refers to improvements in way of managing an area’s natural and human resources. In order to create wealth and improve people’s lives. Professor Dudley Seers while elaborating on the meaning of development suggests that while there can be value judgements on what is development and what is not, it should be a universally acceptable aim of development to make for conditions that lead to a realisation of the potentials of human personality. He outlined several conditions that can make for achievement of this aim like;the capacity to obtain physical necessities particularly food, equality, participation in government, adequate educational levels. The people are held to be the principal actors in human scale development. Respecting the diversity of the people as well as the autonomy of the spaces in which they must act converts the present day object person to a subject person in the human scale development. Development of the variety that we have experienced has largely been a top-down approach where there is little possibility of popular participation and decision making. Human scale development calls for a direct and participatory democracy where the state gives up its traditional paternalistic and welfarist role in favour of a facilitator in enacting and consolidating people’s solutions flowing from below. “Empowerment” of people takes development much ahead of simply combating or ameliorating poverty. In this sense development seeks to restore or enhance basic human capabilities and freedoms and enables people to be the agents of their own development.Fulfillment of basic needs of mankind should be the true objective of development and achievements that either do not contribute to this goal or even disrupt this basic requirement must not be pursued as a development goal.

2. Apart from rise in output, economic development involves change in composition of output, shift in the allocation of productive resources, and elimination or reduction of poverty, inequalities and unemployment. Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components.  The purpose of development is a rise in the level and quality of life of the population, and the creation or expansion of local regional income and employment opportunities, without damaging the resources of the environment.Developed countries have a high life expectancy, or the average number of years a person can expect to live. Japan, a highly developed nation, has the highest life expectancy of any country, at 82.7 years.The age structure in developed countries usually has its largest population group between 15 and 64 years old. Countries whose age structure is very young (a large population under 15 years old) may have to spend more on education. People under the age of 14 typically cannot maintain steady, full-time work to support the economy. Half of the population (50 percent) of the developing country of Uganda is under the age of 14, with only 48 percent between the working ages of 15 and 64. The unemployment rate can also be an indicator of the level of economic development. In developed countries, most adults usually work. The unemployment rate, or able adults who cannot find work, is often below ten percent. In developing countries, such as Zimbabwe,the unemployment rate can be as high as 95 percent.Developed countries usually have a large middle class. Middle-class incomes fall between poverty and great wealth. Some developing countries have large populations living in poverty. In Haiti, 59 percent of the people live in poverty.As countries begin to develop, their agricultural output usually increases. Improved technology allows fewer farmers to harvest more food. This raises the income of people in rural areas, as well as allowing more people to work in jobs outside agriculture.Another sign of development is a growth in exports, or products grown or made in one country that are sent to another country for sale or use. A country can export raw materials, such as oil or corn. A country can also export finished goods, such as computer software.The amount of electricity used by a country can also indicate its level of development. Electricity is used in homes, schools, and businesses. Factories use huge amounts of electricity. Electrification, especially in rural areas, is an important process for a developing economy.Electrification is often expensive. The high cost of oil, natural gas, and coal may slow the electrification process. Constructing facilities that run on hydroelectricity or nuclear energy often requires technology and money that developing countries do not have. Some developing countries, such as Bangladesh, are trying to use renewable energy, such as solar or wind, to bring electricity to their rural population. This is the way of measuring sustainable development.

3. For Sen, freedom means increasing citizens access and opportunities to the things they have reason to value. Sen challenges the mainstream concept of measuring development by economic growth. Sen does acknowledge that increases in poor people’s incomes do contribute to the expansion of their freedoms. However, he recognises that increase of income alone “has at best uneven and at worst has detrimental impacts on the majority of a country’s population, and radical redistributive measures are necessary for the poor to benefit from growth.Sen does acknowledge that increases in poor people’s incomes do contribute to the expansion of their freedoms. However, he recognises that increase of income alone “has at best uneven and at worst has detrimental impacts on the majority of a country’s population, and radical redistributive measures are necessary for the poor to benefit from growth”. He makes it clear that previous strategies to reduce these catastrophes are erroneous. His approach focuses on human flourishing as the entry point to the problem of poverty and global inequality rather than economic growth. He contends that all human beings are equally entitled to enjoy a life that they value.If pursuing freedom-for-all is about expanding citizens’ capabilities, the focus should not be exclusively on making up for what people lack. Sen defines the major factors that limit freedom as ‘poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive states”.Sen focuses on crucial instrumental freedoms: economic opportunities, political freedoms, social facilities, transparency guarantees and protective security.

4.Women are the set of human beings that belongs to the female gender. They play the role of mothers, caretakers in family affairs, farmers, educators, entrepreneurs, teachers, e.t.c. It is historic that women play significant roles in societal development and ensure the stability, progress, and long-term development of nations. Women also play the role of decision-makers in homes. Globally, women contribute immensely to agricultural development, comprising about 43% of the world’s agricultural labor force. In some countries, the number of women involved in the agricultural labor force increases to over 70%. Available records indicate that in Africa alone, 80% of agricultural production comes from small farmers, most of whom are rural women.
It is noteworthy that agriculture is the bedrock of national development as the best approach to food security, poverty reduction, job creation, and economic stability.As educators, the role or contribution of women to society’s transition from pre-literate to the literate period is highly significant. Basic education is key to a nation’s ability to develop and achieve sustainable policies and programs. It is evident that education helps to improve agricultural productivity, enha