Why Study Development? (ECN. 361—Question 2)—Mon.21/8/2017

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NAME: EZE, FIDELIS OKONKWO
REG. NO: 2016/SD/35597
DEPT: SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION
COURSE OF STUDY: EDUCATION/ECONOMICS
LECTURER: DR ORJI
LEVEL: 2/5
TOPICS:
Q 1: What is Development?
Q 2: Significant Relationships between Urban Economics and other
Social Sciences
Q 3: Three Reasons why there can be Urban Economic Growth
Meaning of Development
The agreed meaning of the concept "development" is very difficult to come by. This is so because various schools have their own definition of the term development. Development has been defined variously from the ideological bases of different authors. Whatever the case, development in any human society is a multi¬dimensional process having radical implications not only in the economy but also political, socio-cultural and administrative fabric of a nation or society.
Development is multi-dimensional and this is recognized by Dudley Seers even though he accept the economic meaning to be central having implication on the political, social and cultural aspect. Thus, he implies that, development provided the later lead to the solution of social and political problems in the society, Dudley Seers also observed on the norms and preference of a society, a society may be described as developed if it is able to meet a minimum level of nutrition for its citizens. Dudley Seers says that the fundamental questions to ask about a country's development are:
a) What has happened to poverty?
b) What has happened to unemployment?
c) What has happened to inequality?
If all of these three mentioned have improved high levels, then beyond doubt there has been a period of development for the country concerned. But if in one or two question above have been going worse especially if the three have, it will be strange to call the result development even if the per capita income has doubted.
The Concept of Urban Economics
Urban Economics is the study of the location choices of firms and households, and the consequences of these choices.
Urban economics examines the question of where of economic activity:
1) Households choose where to work
2) Households choose where to live
3) Firms choose where to locate its factory, office or store.
Significant Relationships between Urban Economics and other Social Sciences
There is a water tight relationships between urban economics and social sciences in all ramifications. Since urban economics is the economic study of urban areas; comprising the use tools of economics to analyze urban issues such as crime, education, public transit, housing, and local government finance, there is still the need to embrace the study of social environment in order to effective harness and manage these urban resources well for mans’ maximum utilization. Social environmental resources are those that have intrinsic value of their own or are of value for the longer term sustainability and use by humans. In strictly economic terms, environmental resources to a large extent are „non-tangible”.
Three Reasons why there can be Urban Economic Growth
The major reasons why there should be urban economic growth is to ensure and guarantee sustainability in towns and cities and developments need to be inclusive, holistic and visionary through integrated planning and transparent governance. Members of the society must be carried along no matter the class of interest, business or income level while government at the center must monitor the city growth plan implementation sincerely. A situation where certain residential neighbourhoods enjoy well tarred and tree-lined roads with adequate drainages while the greater part of the city has untarred roads is an indication that the city is not sustainable.

WHAT IS THE REAL MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT
Development can be defined as an emergent property of the economic and social system, in much the same way that consciousness is an emergent property of the brain. This seems obvious, and yet it is a surprising departure from the way most economists have normally described development as the sum of economic output of all the firms in the economy, or the sum of human well-being of the citizens of a nation. Development is not the sum of well-being of people in the economy and we cannot bring it about simply by making enough people in the economy better off. Development is instead a system-wide manifestation of the way that people, firms, technologies and institutions interact with each other within the economic, social and political system. Specifically, development is the capacity of those systems to provide self-organising complexity. Self-organising complexity in an adaptive system is never designed or deliberately built: it comes about from a process of adaptation and evolution. It follows that if we want to accelerate and shape development, we should focus especially on how the environment can be made most conducive for self-organising complexity to evolve.
This view of development as an emergent property of a system fits with the common-sense definition of development described earlier. Development is more than improvements in people’s well-being: it also describes the capacity of the system to provide the circumstances for that continued well-being. Development is a characteristic of the system; sustained improvements in individual well-being are a yardstick by which it is judged. This has important implications for development policy, both for developing countries themselves wishing to put their economy and society onto a path of faster development, and for outsiders who want to help that process. We are at an early stage of exploring those implications
From:
Ugwu Nkechinyere Jamine
2016/SD/36669

.

ECONS 361
QUESTION: WHAT IS THE REAL MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT
ANSWER:
Development’ is a concept which is contested both theoretically and politically, and is inherently both complex and ambiguous. Recently it has taken on the limited meaning of the practice of development agencies, especially in aiming at reducing poverty and the Millennium Development Goals. (Thomas, 2004: 1, 2)
It would be an understatement to say that the definition of ‘development’ has been controversial and unstable over time. As Thomas (2004: 1) argues, development is ‘contested, complex, and ambiguous’. Gore (2000: 794–5) notes that in the 1950s and 1960s a ‘vision of the liberation of people and peoples’ dominated, based on ‘structural transformation’. This perception has tended to ‘slip from view’ for many contributors to the development literature. A second perspective is the definition embraced by international development donor agencies that Thomas notes. This is a definition of development which is directly related to the achievement of poverty reduction and of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). There is a third perspective from a group of writers that Hickey and Mohan (2003: 38) broadly identify as ‘post-modernists’. The ‘post-modern’ position is that ‘development’ is a ‘discourse’ (a set of ideas) that actually shapes and frames ‘reality’ and power relations. It does this because the ‘discourse’ values certain things over others. For example, those who do not have economic assets are viewed as ‘inferior’ from a materialistic viewpoint. In terms of ‘real development’ there might be a new ‘discourse’ based on ‘alternative value systems’ which place a much higher value on spiritual or cultural assets, and within which those without significant economic assets would be regarded as having significant wealth. We would argue that there are three discernable definitions of ‘development’. The first is historical and long term and arguably relatively value free ‘development’ as a process of change. The second is policy related and evaluative or indicator led, is based on value judgements, and has short- to medium-term time horizons – development as the MDGs, for example. The third is post-modernist, drawing attention to the ethnocentric and ideologically loaded Western conceptions of ‘development’ and raising the possibilities of alternative conceptions.
The first conceptualization is that ‘development’ is a process of structural societal change. Thomas (2000, 2004) refers to this meaning of development as ‘a process of historical change’. This view, of ‘structural transformation’ and ‘long-term transformations of economies and societies’, as Gore noted, is one that predominated in the 1950s and 1960s in particular. Today, one might argue that this definition of development is emphasized by the academic or research part of the development community but that there is less emphasis on this perspective in the practitioner part of the development community.
From:
Ome Anthonia Ijeoma
Reg.No: 2016/SD/36576
Department of Education Economics
28 September 2017 at 01:55

name :Eke Blessing Chinasa
Reg no :2014/SD/33605

The real meaning of development :
development is a process that creates growth, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic component. the purpose of development is a rise in the level and quality of life of the population, and the creation or expansion of local regional income and employment opportunities without damaging the resources of the environment. Development is visible and useful, not necessarily immediately and includes an aspect of quality change and creation of condition for a continuation of that change.
The internal agenda began to focus on development beginning in the second half of the 20th century. And understanding developed that economic growth did not necessary lead to a rise in the level and quality of life for population all over the world, there was a need to place an emphasis on specific policies that would be Chanel resources and enable social and economic mobility for various population.
through the years, professional and various researchers develop a number of definitions and emphasis for the term 'development ' Amartya send for example developed the 'capability approach' which defined development as a tool enabling people to reach the highest level of their ability, through granting freedom of action, that is freedom of economic social and family action etc. this approach became a basis for the measurements of development by the HDI into (human development index), which was developed by the UN development program (UNDP) in 1990 mantha nusbaun developed the abilities approach in the field of gender and emphasize the empowerment of women as a development tools

What is the real meaning of development?

Development is the manifestation of people, firms’ technologies and institutions interact with each other with in the economics, social and political system.
It describes the capacity of the system to provide the circumstance for that continued wellbeing. Development is the characteristic of the system, sustained improvement in individual wellbeing and capacity of those systems to provide self organizing complexity. Development focuses on how the environment can be made conducive for self organizing complexity to evolve.

NAME: NWAGBALAHIA MARY
REG NO: 2016/SD/36395
EDUCATION ECONOMICS

Nme: Baba Mohammed Mohammed
Reg NO:2015/SD/35006

WHY WE STUDY DEVELOPMENT?

The information we have today about child development comes from a wide variety of sources. It has been said that the body of knowledge about children's development doubles every three years. Today's knowledge comes from studies in psychology, sociology, linguistics, health, anthropology, history, and education. This may sound overwhelming, but it serves as a reminder of how important it is to be constantly watching children to learn about their development. The recent changes in NAEYC's standards for programs and professional preparation of early childhood educators have been prompted by changes in the knowledge base of the early childhood profession. Major reports from the National Research Council have synthesized research on the science of learning and integrated child development studies (2000), again expanding our understandings of early childhood. NAEYC believes that all early childhood professionals should have a broad knowledge of development across the birth-to-age 8 range regardless of what age child or what kind of program they intend as a career focus. Many research studies and significant theories about development will guide us as we observe children and make decisions about their learning. Why study development? The answer is decision making. Using what we know and observe about children's development guides our decisions about their environment, their activities, and how we interact with them.

The meaning of Development
Development means “Improvement in country’s economic and social conditions”. More specially it refers to improvements in a way of managing an area’s natural and human resources in order to create wealth and improve people’s lives.
Economic development is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political and social well being of its people. Development is a process that creates growths, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components. The purpose of development is a rise in the level of quality of life of the population, and the creation or expansion of local regional income and employment opportunities, without damaging the resources of the environment. Development is disable and useful, not necessarily immediately and includes are aspect of quality charge and the creation of conditions for a continuation of that change.

Onyenachie, Chinenye Happiness
Reg No 2016/SD/36263

NAME: AMADI GLORIA ADAEZE
REG NO:2016/SD/36254
Development is generally viewed as the act or process of growing or causing something to grow or become larger or more advanced. : the act or process of creating something over a period of time. : the state of being created or made more advanced.
Iit can also be seen as An extension of the theoretical or practical aspects of a concept, design, discovery, or invention. It is also viewed as The process of economic and social transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions.

Name: Odoh Doris Ogechukwu
Reg no: 2016/SD/36109

the real meaning of development:
the meaning of development for an individual, is that which tends towards a person realizing his or her full potential as a human being. it is the striving toward what the individual perceives as an ideal state. the seeking of perfection is the essence of evolution, it is a universal trait of all living things.
the meaning of development is also determined by the seeker. a tree, for example, look to sun and rain for its development. human defines development in mental terms- it is peace of mind we seek, and freedom from pain. though some might attach development to the attainment of material things, or other external qualities, it is a perceived Joy in owing these things they seek, not the things themselves.
Economic development is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well being of its people.

Name; Onah lovelyn Chinenye Reg. no.2016/SD/36536
Questions; why do we study development? What is the real meaning of development?
This is the same as the advantages or the merits of development and they includes:
1. Problem of World Poverty: One of the basic reasons why we study development economics lies on the fact that it helps us to address the issue of poverty, not just in our local nation or national level but to the entire world at large.

2. Meaning Of Economic Development: If we don’t study the development economy, then there is every tendency that we will not know the meaning of economic development, here the economic development in itself comes to play. Here different measures are put in place to enable us(the economist) to study the word economic development. These measures are; The social and economic indicator approach, the basic needs approach and the construction of human development index approach.

Other reasons are;
3. Models Of Economic Growth
4. Theories Of Under-Development And Development:
5. Problems Of Population:
6. Role of Agriculture Sector:
7. Role of Industrial Sector:
8. Foreign Trade Sector and Development:
9. Fiscal and Monetary Policies And Economic Development:
10. World Development Institutions and Foreign Aid
What is the real meaning of development?
Development can be seen in different angles and perspectives but for the benefit of our course, I can assume that development is a complete transformation from the current economic and social situations or conditions to a very more acceptable and more efficient economy conditions .development can also be seen as a complete modernization of rural lifestyle to an organizational life style or characteristics.

Development Economics
Development Economics is fascinating because it shows how economic analysis can help us to understand the big theme of the 21ist century-poverty and inequality, globalization and trade, and the contrasting experience of success and failure.
By studying development economics, you will have the opportunity to apply the tools of economic analysis to the problems and challenges facing less-developed countries and to begin to understand why some countries have been able to go through a process of economic and human development.

WHAT IS THE REAL MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT
Definition of development: The systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet specific objectives or requirements. It is also the process of economic and social transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions.
Development is the process adding improvement to a parcel of land, such as grading, subdivision, drainage, access road and utilities.
Name: CHUKWUMA NGOZIKA RUTH
Reg no: 2016/SD/36330

NAME; OKWORI GODWIN
REG. NO; 2016/SD/36589
Development implies the complete modernization of a society. It entails the conversion of a peasant society into an industrial one, and it means a change in the whole way of life, in expectations and motivations, and even the physical environment of daily life itself. It perhaps for this reason that there is no unanimity as to the criteria for measuring development. Nevertheless, it is generally agreed that development is multi-dimensional in nature, having political, social and economic implications.
Furthermore, development is the process of economic and social transformation that is base on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions .It is also the systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet specific objectives or requirement.
Development also can be regarded as an extension of the theoretical or practical aspects of a concept, design, discovery, or invention.

NAME:OGARA RITA ONYEBUCHI
REG NO: 2016/SD/36303
Development simply means development is also an act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining. It can also imply “improvement” in country’s economics and social condition; more specially it refers to improvements in way of managing an area’s natural and human resources.
Development can also be seen in a general form as improvement in country’s economic and social condition more especially, it refer to improvement in an area of managing human and natural resources.

Development is the transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions.By this it means the process of converting land to a new purpose by constructing buildings or making use of its resources. More especially, it refers to improvements in way of improvements in way of managing an area's natural and Human resources. In other to create weath and improve people's lives.
The following are the characteristics of development.
1.Development is a continuous process.
2.Development follows a pattern.
3.Development proceeds from general to specific responses.
4.Different aspects of growth develop at different rate.
5.Most traits are correlated in development.
Name:Amadi Modestus Ifeanyi
Reg. No. 2016/SD/36447

NAME: NDUKWE KALU CHIOMA
REG NO:2016/SD/36609
Development refers to improvements in way of managing an area’s natural and human resources. In order to create wealth and improve people’s living standard.
Development is the process where by the real per capita income of a country income of a country can be increased over a period of time as such economic development is very relevant to all less developed countries of the world.
Development is used to describe the different stages involve in the process of improving or changing the quality of an object. For example in the process of a photographic film, more and more chemicals are mixed in the right proportion to produce the required effect on the film.
In development, it is expected that certain societal activities have to take place to produce positive result that are capable of transforming the material well being of the people.
Development can be achieved with a proper co-ordination of economic growth and technical efficiency in the production and distribution of goods and services.

Name:Ugwuoke joy nkechinyere
Reg. No:2016/Sd/36255

Meaning of development for an individual, is that which tends towards a person realising his or her full potential as human being. It is the striving towards what individuals ideal state. Development is the systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet specific objective or requirements.
Development is the process of economic and social transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and interaction.
Development is the process of adding improvement to a parcel of land, such as granding, subdivision drainage, access, road utility.
Development means lmprovement in countries economy and social conditions more especially, it refers to lmprovement in ways of managing an area's natural and Human resources. In other to create weath and lmprove People's lives.

Name: Awoke Blessing
Reg No: 2016/SD/36225

Development means “improvement in country’s economics and social condition.” More specially, it refers to improvements in way of managing an area’s natured and human resources. In order to create wealth and improve people’s lives. Development is also that act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining.
Dudley seers while elaborating on the meaning of development suggests that while there can be value judgements on what is development and what is not, it should be a universally acceptable aim of development to make for conditions that led to a realization of the potentials of human personality. That achievement of his aim are;
1. The capacity of obtain physical necessities, particular food.
2. A job (not necessarily paid employment) but including studying, working on a family farm or keeping house.

NAME: NKWOCHA EBERE JOY
REG NO: 2016/SD/36103
What is the real meaning of
1. Development: It simply means the maintenance of the increase in general welfare of the people.
2. Development also means this the process of enhancing growth directed change in a society.
3. Development: Is the process by which a mature multicellular organism or part of an organism is produced by the addition of new cells.
4. Developed is the ability of applying new ideas to practical problems.
5. Development is a component of economic development.
6. Development is different from those of economic the growth because it deals with the harnessing and sustaining the growth of the natural environment.
7. Development is the mere increase in real income. It is an enhance level of economic development which leads to the distribution of the national income is equitable form.
8. Development: deals with how the living standard of citizens of the country improved in the presence of sustainable growth.
9. It is also a gradual increase in the means of income of people living in a society. Thus, by this, they sustain such growth, help it to improve their lives.
10. Development is also the improvement in the way man does things as well as reason in order to survive in his constantly charging environment.

NAME: NKWOCHA EBERE JOY
REG NO: 2016/SD/36103
Discuss the basic three reasons and characteristics of urban economic growth
The basic three reasons as well as characteristics of urban economic growth are:
1. Process of capital accumulation:
2. The profit rate
3. Increase in wages
4. Capital accumulation
5. Declining profits in other industries.
6. Balance growth.
Process of Capital Accumulation: Capital accumulation is the outcome of profits because profits lead to saving which is used for capital accumulation.
The Profit Rate: According to Ricardo, the rate of profit is (profit/wages) equal to the wage bill.
Increase in Waves: Increase in the wages play an active role in determining income between capital and labour. Increased wages levels to better living by many people in the urban areas.
The profits of the farmer reglutes the profits of all other traders: The money rate of profits of all other traders”, The money rate of profits earned an capital must be equal in equilibrium both in agriculture and industry. When more ford are produced, urban dwellers have many choices of food to choose.
Balance growth: In the Malthusian system economy is divided into agricultural and the industrial sectors. The agricultural section food while the industrial sector produce industrial goods used by farmers.

Development is the process of growing or changing and becoming more advanced. A good diet and lots of exercise are essential for a child’s healthy growth and development.literature In a literary work, development is the movement from one event to another or the changes in the characters’ understanding. A development is a recent important event that is the latest in a series of related events: There is a new development in the plans to reorganize the fire department. Development is also the organized increase of a country’s industry and wealth.
The systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet specific objectives or requirements. An extension of the theoretical or practical aspects of a concept, design, discovery, or invention. The process of economic and social transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions.
The process of adding improvements to a parcel of land, such as grading, subdivisions, drainage, access, roads, utilities.
The act, process, or result of developing the development of new ideas an interesting development in the case
The state of being developed a project in development. Tract of land that has been made available or usable: a developed tract of land; especially: one with houses built on it.
Development is the process or result of making a basic design gradually better and more advanced.

NAME; OGBUAGU OGECHI FELIX
REG NO 2016/SD/36588
EDUCATION ECONOMICS

NAME: NWOKEDI UKAMAKA CHINEDU
REG:2016/SD/36953
DEPT: EDU/ECONS
THE REAL MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT
Development is defined as the process of economics and social transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interaction
Development means improvement in country’s economic and social condition more especially, it refer to improvement in an area of managing human and natural resources .in order to create wealth and improve peoples lives.
Development in other word should be based on realism of the potentials of human personality.
Seer outline several conditions that can make for achievement of this aim:
1. The capacity to obtain physical necessities particularly food.
2. A job including studying working on a family farm or keeping house.
3. Equality, which should be considered in objective in its own right.
4. Participation in government.
5. Belonging to a nation that is truly independent, both economically and politically
6. Adequate educational level especially literacy

JUSTICE OZIOMA GOSPEL
Reg.No: 2016/SD/36198
WHAT IS THE REAL MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT
Development can be defined as a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environment social and demographic components. Development also is visible and useful and it also includes an aspect of quality change.
Development for an individual is that which tends towards a person, realizing his or her full potential as a human being. It is the staring toward what the individual perceived as an ideal state. The seeking of perfection is the essence of evolution. It is a universal trait of all living things.
However humans define development in mental terms. It is peace of mind we seek, freedom from pain and also economic growth.
Lastly, development in man tends towards self actualization in the psychological and sense to use Maslow term. “ The highest level of man’s development lies in his creative potential.

Development is the systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet specific objectives or requirement. It is also an extension of the theoretical or pratical aspects of a concept, design, discovery or invention.
Development can also be the process of economic and social transformation that is based on complex, cultural and environmental factors and their interaction. It is the process of adding improvement to a parcel of land such as grading, subdivisions, drainage access, roads and utilities

AMALU BLESSING AMAKA
2016/SD/36407
EDUCATION ECONOMICS

MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT

Development conceived of as a multidimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes,and national institutions as well as the acceleration of economics growth, the reduction of inequality, and the eradication of poverty. Development, in it essence, must represent the whole gamut of change by which an entire social system, tuned to the diverse basic needs and evolving aspirations of individuals and social groups within that system, moves away from a condition of life widely perceived as unsatisfactory toward a situation or condition of life regarded as materially and spiritually better.

Name= OKOLI Doris
Reg. No.=2016/SD/36221

NAME: AMADI GLORIA ADAEZE
REG NO:2016/SD/35589
Urban economics is broadly the economic study of urban areas; as such, it involves using the tools of economics to analyze urban issues such as crime, education, public transit, housing, and local government finance.
Social science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society. It in turn has many branches, each of which is considered a "social science". The social sciences include economics, political science, human geography, demography, psychology, sociology, anthropology, archaeology, jurisprudence, history, and linguistics. The term is also sometimes used to refer specifically to the field of sociology, the original 'science of society', established in the 19th century.
Yes there is relationship because urban economics and other social sciences because they do have in common the aim of studying the society although urban economics studies a subset of the society which is the urban settlements

2016/SD/36061
Meaning of development
Development is an event constituting a new stage in changing situation. It is also the act or process of growing or causing something to grow or become larger or more advanced. It also the act or process of creating something over a period of time, the state of being created or made more advanced.
Moreover it is the act of developing or the state of being developed, the application of techniques or technology to the production of new goods or services. The business of constructing building or other wise altering land for new uses, all these bring a significant event, occurrence or change.
Development can also be viewed as an extension of the theoretical or practical aspects of a concept, design, discovering or intention. The process of economic and social transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions.
Therefore development simply mean changing in situations, discovery, design, application of techniques or technology that brings about permanent changes in the environment.

NAME; OGBODO CHUKWUEMEKA STEPHEN REG.NO.; 2016/SD/35174
QUESTION; why do we study developopment economies? What is the real meaning of development?
Answer
One basic fact that surrounds the idea of development economies is that it deals with how the living standards of the people, citizens, inhabitants of an area , geographical region , country or nation are been improved and enhanced positively in the presence of sustainable growth in the society. Based on this definition, it is assumed that the word living standard or simply put standard of living is the level of wealth, comfort, materials goods and other necessities that is available to a certain socio-economic class of people in a certain area. These available standards of living comprises of factors like income, expenditure, infrastructure, good facilities, nice climate, freedom, quality environmental feature and safety
Coming to the question which says; what is the real meaning of development? Development can be viewed in many angles . Many prospects have their own definition of development as well as many scholars or theorists. However, whatsoever perspective one views development, it is good but in a lay mans understanding development can be seen as an improvement from current position to a more better position. Nevertheless, for the purpose of our study ,am to see development in the economic terms generally especially when related to developmental economies. So Development can be defined as growth or increase in output coupled with improvement in social and political affairs and welfare of the people in a country. Finally, economic development seeks to determine how poor country can transformed to a prosperous country by means of a long term sustainable increase in growth and transformation